Wednesday 18 2023

British Monarchy, imp events & Theatres

The British history of the monarchs and some pivotal events which some time asked in NET Examinations are in the following list. Monarchy is the earliest form of government system. In which a king or queen who rule as monarch as the Head of State. Pivotal king of english literature history are king Alfred The Great, Queen Elizabeth, Queen Victoria, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, Charles II and Henry VIII. Some Queens like Mary, Elizabeth and Victoria are very popular female monarch in British Monarchy. So, the following list is very help to remember the chronology of British Government Monarchy and some important events.

Edward III - 1327 - 1377
--------------------Hundred Years' war - 1338
--------------------Battle of Crecy - 1346
--------------------Black Death - 1348 - 1349
-------------------- Battle of Poictiers - 1356
Richard II - 1377 - 1399
--------------------Wyclif's Bible - 1380
--------------------Wat Tyler's Rebel
Henry IV - 1399 - 1413
--------------------War of Roses - 1455 - 1486
--------------------Caxton's Printing Press - 1476
Henry VII - 1485 - 1509
Henry VIII - 1509 - 1547
Edward VI - 1547 - 1453
Queen Mary - 1553 - 1558
James I - 1603 - 1625
Charles I - 1625 - 1649
Commonwealth - 1649 - 1660
Charles II - 1660 - 1685
--------------------Great Fire of London - 1666
James II - 1685 - 1688
--------------------Glorious Revolution - 1688
William III - 1689 - 1702 & Mary II - 1689 - 1694
Queen Anne - 1702 - 1714
George I - 1714 - 1727
George II - 1727 - 1760
George III - 1760 - 1820
--------------------American Declaration of Independence - 1776
--------------------French Revolution - 1789
George IV - 1820 - 1830
William IV - 1830 1837
Victoria - 1837 - 1901
--------------------India's first war for independence - 1857
--------------------American Civil ar - 1861 - 1865
--------------------Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee - 1887
--------------------Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee - 1897
Edward VII - 1901 - 1910
George V - 1910 - 1936
--------------------First World War - 1914 - 1918
Edward VIII - 1936
George VI - 1936 - 1952
--------------------Second World War - 1939 - 1945
--------------------India gets independence - 1947
Elizabeth II - 1952 - 2022
--------------------Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee -2002
Charles III - 2022 - present

Theatres

British Theatres List

1567 => Redlion
1576 => Theatre
1577 => Curtain
1587 => Rose
1592/93 to 1594 => closes theatres due to the Plague
1595 => Swan
1598 => Boar's Head
1599 => Globe
1600 => Fortune
1603 => Closes theatres due to Plague
1604 => Red Bull
1613 => Globe Restored
1614 => Hope
1642 => Closed theatres by Parliament as Civil War broke out.

The Globe :

This Theatre is a pivotal theatre in London, established in 1599 built by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, where William Shakespeare's plays were performed. This theatre became was pivotal due to Shakespeare's famous plays being performed. It was destroyed in a fire on 29 June 1613 during Shakespeare's Henry VIII performance so it was restored in the same year.

In the realm of theater history, the chronological sequence of theaters in the late 16th and early 17th centuries in England showcases the vibrant and ever-evolving landscape of theatrical performance. Let's explore the theaters and their significant milestones during this period:

Red Lion (1567):

The Red Lion was one of the earliest purpose-built theaters in London. It served as a venue for various theatrical productions, including plays and other forms of entertainment popular at the time.

Theatre (1576):

The Theatre, built by James Burbage, marked a significant development in theater architecture. It was the first permanent theater structure in London and became the home of numerous influential productions.

Curtain (1577):

The Curtain Theatre, located in Shoreditch, was another prominent theater during this period. It hosted performances by renowned playwrights, including William Shakespeare.

Rose (1587):

The Rose Theatre, situated on the Bankside, became a popular venue for plays and showcased the works of prominent playwrights of the time.

Closure of Theatres (1592/93 to 1594):

During this period, theaters were forced to close due to the outbreak of the Plague. The closure greatly impacted the theater industry and disrupted theatrical productions.

Swan (1595):

The Swan Theatre, built in Bankside, was a notable addition to the theatrical scene. It hosted various performances, including the works of Shakespeare and his contemporaries.

Boar's Head (1598):

The Boar's Head Inn was converted into a theater, providing a unique and intimate setting for theatrical performances.

Globe (1599):

The Globe Theatre, arguably the most famous theater of the era, was built by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, the acting company Shakespeare belonged to. It became synonymous with Shakespeare's plays and witnessed many of his greatest works.

Fortune (1600):

The Fortune Theatre, located in Cripplegate, gained popularity for its large stage and capacity to host diverse theatrical productions.

Closure of Theatres (1603):

Once again, theaters were forced to close due to the Plague, which had resurfaced in London, causing significant disruptions to theatrical activities.

Red Bull (1604):

The Red Bull Theatre became a prominent venue for plays, known for its rowdy and raucous atmosphere.

Globe Restored (1613):

After the original Globe Theatre was destroyed by a fire, it was reconstructed and reopened as the Globe Restored. It continued to host performances and became an iconic symbol of Elizabethan theater.

Hope (1614):

The Hope Theatre, located in Bankside, contributed to the thriving theatrical scene, presenting a wide range of plays and entertainments.

Closure of Theatres (1642):

As the English Civil War broke out, theaters were closed by Parliament. The turbulent political climate and religious conflicts led to the suppression of theater activities.

This chronological sequence of theaters highlights the dynamic nature of theater during the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras. Despite challenges such as closures due to the Plague and political turmoil, these theaters provided a platform for the growth and development of English drama, shaping the course of theatrical history. Each theater had its unique characteristics, contributions, and connections to prominent playwrights and theatrical traditions, leaving an indelible mark on the cultural fabric of the time.In the realm of theater history, the chronological sequence of theaters in the late 16th and early 17th centuries in England showcases the vibrant and ever-evolving landscape of theatrical performance. Let's explore the theaters and their significant milestones during this period:

Red Lion (1567): The Red Lion was one of the earliest purpose-built theaters in London. It served as a venue for various theatrical productions, including plays and other forms of entertainment popular at the time.

Theatre (1576): The Theatre, built by James Burbage, marked a significant development in theater architecture. It was the first permanent theater structure in London and became the home of numerous influential productions.

Curtain (1577): The Curtain Theatre, located in Shoreditch, was another prominent theater during this period. It hosted performances by renowned playwrights, including William Shakespeare.

Rose (1587): The Rose Theatre, situated on the Bankside, became a popular venue for plays and showcased the works of prominent playwrights of the time.

Closure of Theatres (1592/93 to 1594): During this period, theaters were forced to close due to the outbreak of the Plague. The closure greatly impacted the theater industry and disrupted theatrical productions.

Swan (1595): The Swan Theatre, built in Bankside, was a notable addition to the theatrical scene. It hosted various performances, including the works of Shakespeare and his contemporaries.

Boar's Head (1598): The Boar's Head Inn was converted into a theater, providing a unique and intimate setting for theatrical performances.

Globe (1599): The Globe Theatre, arguably the most famous theater of the era, was built by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, the acting company Shakespeare belonged to. It became synonymous with Shakespeare's plays and witnessed many of his greatest works.

Fortune (1600): The Fortune Theatre, located in Cripplegate, gained popularity for its large stage and capacity to host diverse theatrical productions.

Closure of Theatres (1603): Once again, theaters were forced to close due to the Plague, which had resurfaced in London, causing significant disruptions to theatrical activities.

Red Bull (1604): The Red Bull Theatre became a prominent venue for plays, known for its rowdy and raucous atmosphere.

Globe Restored (1613): After the original Globe Theatre was destroyed by a fire, it was reconstructed and reopened as the Globe Restored. It continued to host performances and became an iconic symbol of Elizabethan theater.

Hope (1614): The Hope Theatre, located in Bankside, contributed to the thriving theatrical scene, presenting a wide range of plays and entertainments.

Closure of Theatres (1642): As the English Civil War broke out, theaters were closed by Parliament. The turbulent political climate and religious conflicts led to the suppression of theater activities.

This chronological sequence of theaters highlights the dynamic nature of theater during the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras. Despite challenges such as closures due to the Plague and political turmoil, these theaters provided a platform for the growth and development of English drama, shaping the course of theatrical history. Each theater had its unique characteristics, contributions, and connections to prominent playwrights and theatrical traditions, leaving an indelible mark on the cultural fabric of the time.

PYQ:

1. What event allowed mainstream British theatre companies to commission and performs work that was politically, socially and sexually controversial without fear of censorship?

(A) The abolition of the Lord Chamberlain’s office in 1968.

(B) The illegal performance of works by Howard Brenton & Edward Bond.

(C) The collapse of liberal humanist consensus in the late 1960s.

(D) A combined appeal to the Queen by a dramatists group of London.

Answer: (A)

2. Identify the correct group of playhouses in late 16th Century London from the following groups:

(A) Curtain, Rose, Swan, Globe, Hope (B) Curtain, Rose, Swan, Globe, Sejanus

(C) Hope, Curtain, Rose, Swan, Globe (D) Swan, Curtain, Rose, Globe, Thames

Answer: - A

Tuesday 10 2023

Russian Literature

This list of Pivotal writers and their works which helps to clear JRF, NET, SET, Ph.D. Entrance examination. In Net Exam, some Russian literature writers are frequently question was asked such as Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dastovaski, Anton Chekov and Maxim Gorky. But in the following list, some more writers are given which also famous in Russian literature.

List of famous Russian Literature writers

1. Maxim Gorky

2. Ivan Bunin

3. Vladimir Nabokov

4. Boris Pasternak

5. Fyodor Dostoevsky

6. Leo Tolstoy

7. Anton Chekov

1. Maxim Gorky
1868 - 1936

He was famous as Maxim Gorky but his full name is Alexei Maximovich Peshkov. His famous work is The Mother, which was translated into English in 1906. He was nominated five times for the Nobel prize but never win. The Lower Depths is originally written in Rusian and its subtitle is entitled 'Sins for Russian life'. And My Childhood work is an autobiography.

Works:

The Lower Depths - 1902
Summerfolk - 1904
Children of the Sun - 1905
The Mother - 1906
Enemies - 1906
My Childhood - 1913 - 1914

2. Ivan Bunin
1870 - 1953

He was the first Russian writer who won a Nobel prize in literature. He wrote 3 diaries or memories one of them which was published as Cursed Days. He was a poet, translator, novelist, diarist and short story writer.

Works:
The Gentleman from San Francisco - 1916
Cursed Days 1925 - 1926
Dark Avenues 1943
Mitya's Love 1924

3. Vladimir Nabokov
1899 - 1977

His full name is Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov and he is also famous by his pen name Vladimir Sirin. He was famous for his work Lolita. And his work Speak Memory was a memoir that talks about his early childhood to his migration to America.

Works:
Lolita 1955
Pale Fire 1962
Poems and Problems 1969
Speak, Memory 1936 - 1951
The Gift - 1938
The Enchanter - 1939
Signs and Symbols - 1948

4. Boris Pasternak
1890 - 1960

His full name is Boris Leonidovich Pasternak and he was a poet, novelist and translator. Also, was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958 for Literature. His famous works were Doctor Zhivago, My Sister, Life and The Second Birth.

Works:
Doctor Zhivago - 1957
The Last Summer - 1934
My Sister, Life - 1922
The Second Birth - 1932

5. Fyodor Dostoevsky
1821 - 1881

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist and journalist. He was famous for his works Crime and Punishment, The Brothers Karamazov and Notes from Underground.

Works:
Notes from Underground - 1864
Crime and Punishment - 1866
The Idiot - 1869
Demons - 1872
The Brothers Karamazov - 1880

6. Leo Tolstoy
1828 - 1910

He was the famous Russian writer Leo Tolstoy and his notable works are War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1878). His first novel Childhood.

Works:
Childhood - 1852
Boyhood - 1854
Youth - 1856
Sevastopol Sketches 1855 - 1856
The Death of Ivan Ilyich 1886
War and Peace - 1869
Anna Karenina - 1878
Family Happiness 1859.

7. Anton Chekov
1860 - 1904

His full name is Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, and he is a famous Russian playwright and short story writer. Chekhov was a physician by profession.He said that "Medicine is my lawful wife", he also said that, "and literature is my mistress."

Works:
The Cherry Orchard
The Seagull 1896
Uncle Vanya
Three Sisters

PYQ:

1. Maxim Gorky, the Great Russian writer of fiction and drama, was in real life a man called ______.

(A) Goliardic Kreshkov (B) Ronsardo Felixikov

(C) Malthias Serpieri (D) Aleksei Peshkov

Answer: (D)

2.Match the pairs of authors & their works according to the code given :

List – I (Authors) List – II (Works)

i. Vladimir Nabokov 1. Germinal

ii. Italo Calvino 2. Foucault’s Pendulum

iii. Umberto Eco 3. If on a Winter’s Night a Traveller

iv. Emile Zola 4. Lolita

Codes :

i ii iii iv

(A) 3 1 4 2

(B) 4 3 2 1

(C) 1 2 3 4

(D) 2 4 1 3

Answer: - B

3. In th belove phrases from Shakespeare have become the titles of famous works. Identify the correctly matched group.

(I) Pale Fire (a) Thomas Hardy

(II) The Sound and the Fury (b) Somerset Maugham

(III) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead (c) William Faulkner

(IV) Under the Greenwood Tree (d) Tom Stoppard

(V) Of Cakes & Ale (e) Vladimir Nabokov

(I) (II) (III) (IV) (V)

(A) (e) (d) (c) (a) (b)

(B) (d) (e) (b) (c) (a)

(C) (e) (c) (d) (a) (b)

(D) (c) (d) (b) (e) (a)

Answer: (C)

4. Which of the following features are present in Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment?

I. Nihilism II. Utilitarianism

III. Rationalism IV. Christian Symbolism

The correct combination according to the belove code is:

(A) I and II are correct (B) I and IV are correct

(C) III and IV are correct (D) I and III are correct

Answers: (B)

5. Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina’s closing lines present...

(A) Asad reflection on the unfortunate suicide of Anna which should have been averted.

(B) the enlivening freshness of a rain which has been threatening to break out.

(C) Levin’s affirmation that whatever happens to him, life is not meaningless but unquestionably meaningful.

(D) Vronsky’s lament over the death of Anna which ends on a positive note, affirming the human tendency to pass over the tragic events with hope.

Answer: - C

6.Which character in Anton Chekhov’s play, The Cherry Orchard, first suggests the selling of the orchard?

(1) Trofimov (2) Yephikodov

(3) Lopakhin (4) Varya

Answer: - 3

Maxim Gorky:

Born on March 28, 1868, in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
Considered one of the most significant Russian writers of the 20th century.
Known for his realistic and socially conscious works.
His notable works include "The Lower Depths," "Mother," and "My Childhood."
Explored themes of poverty, social injustice, and the struggles of the working class.
Had a profound influence on Soviet literature and culture.
Advocated for the rights of the oppressed and marginalized.

Ivan Bunin:

Born on October 22, 1870, in Voronezh, Russia.
The first Russian writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature (1933).
Known for his lyrical prose and poetic style.
Notable works include "The Village," "The Gentleman from San Francisco," and "Dark Avenues."
Explored themes of love, nature, and the fading nobility of Russia.
Critically examined the impact of societal changes on individual lives.
His works showcased a sense of nostalgia and melancholy.

Vladimir Nabokov:

Born on April 22, 1899, in St. Petersburg, Russia.
Renowned for his innovative writing style and linguistic virtuosity.
Most famous for his novel "Lolita," which generated both controversy and acclaim.
His works often dealt with themes of memory, identity, and the complexities of human nature.
Wrote in both Russian and English, displaying a mastery of both languages.
Notable works include "Pale Fire," "Ada, or Ardor," and "Pnin."
Known for his intricate wordplay, vivid descriptions, and complex characters.

Boris Pasternak:

Born on February 10, 1890, in Moscow, Russia.
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1958, but declined it under pressure from the Soviet government.
Best known for his novel "Doctor Zhivago," which was published abroad and became an international sensation.
Explored themes of love, war, and the individual's search for meaning in turbulent times.
His poetry reflected his deep emotional and philosophical reflections.
Faced censorship and persecution due to his independent thinking and artistic expression.
Regarded as one of the greatest Russian poets of the 20th century.

Fyodor Dostoevsky:

Born on November 11, 1821, in Moscow, Russia.
One of the most influential and renowned Russian writers of all time.
Known for his psychological depth and exploration of moral and philosophical dilemmas.
Notable works include "Crime and Punishment," "The Brothers Karamazov," and "Notes from Underground."
Explored themes of guilt, redemption, and the complexities of the human psyche.
His characters are often deeply flawed and engage in internal struggles.
Explored religious and existential themes, grappling with questions of faith and morality.

Leo Tolstoy:

Born on September 9, 1828, in Yasnaya Polyana, Russia.
Considered one of the greatest novelists in world literature.
Known for his epic works and detailed portrayal of Russian society.
Notable works include "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina."
Explored themes of love, marriage, social inequality, and the human condition.
His writing style is characterized by rich character development and philosophical introspection.
Influenced by his own spiritual and moral journey, which led to his embrace of Christian pacifism and simplicity.

Anton Chekhov:

Born on January 29, 1860, in Taganrog, Russia.
Considered one of the masters of the modern short story.
Known for his ability to capture the nuances of human behavior and emotions.
Notable works include "The Cherry Orchard," "The Seagull," and "Uncle Vanya."
Explored themes of family, love, and the passing of the old aristocratic order in Russia.
His writing style is marked by a blend of humor, pathos, and psychological insight.
Pioneered a realistic style of writing that influenced subsequent generations of writers.

These brief keypoints provide a glimpse into the works and contributions of these prominent Russian writers, each with their distinct styles and thematic explorations. Further exploration of their works would reveal the depth and complexity of their literary legacies.

Monday 02 2023

Australian English Literature

Dive into the captivating world of Australian English literature with prominent writers such as Judith Wright, A. D. Hope, Peter Carey, David Malouf, and Patrick White. Discover their notable works, literary contributions, and the profound impact they have had on the Australian literary landscape.

Introduction:

Australian English literature is a treasure trove of literary brilliance, showcasing the unique perspectives and storytelling prowess of renowned writers. In this article, we will embark on a journey through the works of Judith Wright, A. D. Hope, Peter Carey, David Malouf, and Patrick White. Join us as we unravel the richness of Australian English literature and explore the indelible impact these writers have made on the literary landscape.

Australian Literature

The following list is the famous Australian Writers, who are important in the NET Exam. This article helps net, set, and phd student of English literature to achieve their goals. And this Writers and Works of Judith Wright, A. D. Hope, Peter Carey, David Malouf, and Patrick White very important in the part of world literature.

Judith Wright

1915 - 2000

Judith Wright, an esteemed Australian poet, drew inspiration from German romanticism and symbolism in her works. Her poetry collections, such as "The Gateway" and "The Moving Image," echo the themes of nature, human connection, and spirituality often found in German literature. Wright's exploration of these themes adds depth and a unique perspective to the realm of German-English literature. His Pivotal works : Birds, The Moving Image, Woman to Man, The Two Fires, The Other Half, Magpies, Shadow, The Gateway, and Hunting Snake.

A. D. Hope

1907 - 2000

A. D. Hope, an esteemed Australian poet and essayist, showcased a remarkable command over language and intellectual depth in his works. His poems, including "Australia" and "The Death of the Bird," engage with the Australian landscape, history, and the human condition. Hope's ability to encapsulate the Australian experience in his poetry solidifies his status as a prominent contributor to Australian English literature. His famous works are The Wandering Islands - 1955, A Book of Answers - 1981 and Orpheus - 1991.

Peter Carey

1943 - Present

Peter Carey, a renowned Australian novelist, has captivated readers worldwide with his imaginative storytelling and unique narrative styles. Through novels such as "Oscar and Lucinda" and "True History of the Kelly Gang," Carey delves into Australian history, cultural identity, and the complexities of human relationships. His profound exploration of Australian themes has garnered critical acclaim and solidified his place as a leading figure in Australian English literature. His work True History of the Kelly Gang won the Booker Prize in 2001. His famous works are Illywhacker - 1985, Oscar and Lucinda - 1988, The Tax Inspector - 1991, Jack Maggs - 1997 and True History of the Kelly Gang - 2000

David Malouf

1934 - present

David Malouf, a highly regarded Australian author, crafts beautifully lyrical prose that resonates with readers. His works, including the novel "Remembering Babylon" and the collection of short stories "Dream Stuff," often explore themes of identity, memory, and the intersection between the past and the present. Malouf's introspective narratives and nuanced characterizations make him an essential voice in Australian English literature. His famous works are Johnno -1975, An Imaginary Life - 1978, Fly Away Peter - 1982, The Great World - 1990 and Remembering Babylon - 1993.

Patrick White

1912-1990

Patrick White was a British-born Australian writer who published. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1973. His novel Voss is based on the nineteenth-century explorer Ludwig Leichhardt. He disappeared during the Australian outback. And the Protagonist of this story is Voss, Laura, and her uncle Mr. Bonner. Also used religious symbolism and compared Voss to God and Christ. Next Riders in the Chariot was begun with an epigraph by William Black's work The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. His work The Hanging Garden was Unfinished and published posthumously.

Works:

Happy Valley - 1939
The Tree of Man - 1955
Voss - 1957
Riders in the Chariot - 1961
The Solid Mandala - 1966
The Vivisector - 1970
The Eye of the Storm - 1973
The Hanging Garden - 2012

Conclusion:

The infusion of German literary traditions into the works of Judith Wright, A. D. Hope, Peter Carey, David Malouf, and Patrick White has yielded a vibrant and multifaceted body of German-English literature. Their exploration of themes such as nature, identity, existentialism, and cultural clashes showcases the enduring influence of German literature on Australian writing. As readers immerse themselves in the works of these influential writers, they embark on a captivating journey that bridges cultures and fosters a deeper understanding of German-English literary connections.

In conclusion, "Unveiling the Brilliance of Australian English Literature: Exploring the Works of Judith Wright, A. D. Hope, Peter Carey, David Malouf, and Patrick White" sheds light on the richness and significance of Australian English literature. This blog has allowed us to delve into the works of renowned Australian authors and gain a deeper appreciation for their contributions to the literary world.

Throughout the blog, we have explored the captivating writings of Judith Wright, whose poetry beautifully reflects the Australian landscape and indigenous culture. A. D. Hope's profound verses have offered us unique insights into the human condition and the complexities of Australian society.

The inclusion of Peter Carey's novels has exposed us to his masterful storytelling and exploration of themes such as identity, history, and politics. David Malouf's works have enchanted us with their lyrical prose and deep exploration of personal and collective experiences.

Lastly, the blog has highlighted the literary genius of Patrick White, whose novels have challenged conventions and provided a nuanced portrayal of Australian life and the human psyche.

By examining the literary contributions of these exceptional Australian writers, we have gained a broader understanding of Australian English literature's brilliance and its ability to capture the essence of the country's diverse landscapes, history, and cultural heritage.

The blog has served as a reminder of the power of literature in conveying complex ideas, evoking emotions, and fostering a deeper connection to a specific time and place. It has encouraged readers to further explore the works of these authors and delve into the vast treasure trove of Australian English literature.

In conclusion, the exploration of the works of Judith Wright, A. D. Hope, Peter Carey, David Malouf, and Patrick White has revealed the depth, diversity, and brilliance of Australian English literature, leaving us inspired to continue our literary journey and discover more hidden gems within this rich literary tradition.