U NET : NET SET PHD EXAM

  11 – Structuralism & Post-Structuralism  🧩 1. Structuralism Basic Idea: Structuralism says that everything — language, literature, culture — works like a system of structures . To understand a text, we must study its underlying structure (not just story or characters). 👉 “Meaning is created by structure — not by individual words alone.”  Concepts: Language as a System (Ferdinand de Saussure): He said language is made of signs . Each sign = Signifier + Signified Signifier = word/sound (e.g., “tree”) Signified = idea/concept of tree Relationship between them is arbitrary (no natural connection). Binary Oppositions (Claude Lévi-Strauss): Myths and stories are built on opposites like: Life / Death Good / Evil Man / Woman Structure = how these opposites create meaning. Narrative Structure (Tzvetan Todorov, Vladimir Propp): Stories follow patterns: beginning → conflict → resolution. Propp identified 31 n...

  ✅  1 – Structuralism Structuralism is a theory that says every text has an underlying structure . We understand meaning by studying the system of language (not just the author or history). Language as a system – Words get meaning by their relation to other words , not by themselves. Influence of Linguistics – Developed from Ferdinand de Saussure’s ideas . Concept of Binary Oppositions – Example: good/evil, life/death, male/female – meaning is created by differences. Focus – Not on the author, but on structure, language, and signs . Imp Terms Sign = Signifier (word) + Signified (concept) Langue (language system) vs. Parole (individual speech) Structure = underlying rules that organize meaning Main Critics Ferdinand de Saussure – Founder (linguistics) Claude Lévi-Strauss – Applied structuralism to anthropology Roland Barthes – In literature, “Death of the Author” concept Roman Jakobson – Russian Formalist turned stru...

  📢 Call for Papers: One Day National Seminar on “The Unhomed Selves: War, Exile and its Repercussions” 📍 Organized by: PG Department of English, Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta (An IQAC Initiative) 🗓 Date: 5th December 2025 🖥 Mode: Hybrid (Online & Offline) 🌍 About the Seminar The Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta invites scholars, researchers, and academicians to participate in a thought-provoking One Day National Seminar titled “The Unhomed Selves: War, Exile and its Repercussions.” War and exile leave lasting scars that go beyond borders and battlefields. They reshape the displaced individuals’ sense of identity, belonging, and memory while redefining the social, cultural, and political landscapes of host nations. This seminar seeks to explore these complex dimensions of displacement and its human, emotional, and intellectual aftermaths. 🎯 Thrust Areas (but not limited to): Trauma and Memory Cultural Identity Narratives of Exile ...

  webinar - 1 webinar  One-Day National Webinar on The Need and Use of Indian Languages: Diversity, Vernacularity, and the Future of Knowledge 🗓️ 15 October 2025 | 📍 Google Meet 🔗 https://meet.google.com/qdb-tqyh-cgw 📌 Important Dates Abstract Submission: 13 Oct 2025 Webinar Date: 15 Oct 2025 Full Paper Submission: 25 Oct 2025 ✅ Key Highlights Funded by Department of Higher Education, MP Registration, Participation & Publication FREE E-certificates for (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); all participants 📲 Register 👉 https://forms.gle/3Mcch2TpqRpHhJE16   Join WhatsApp 👉 https://chat.whatsapp.com/LSze8f68LmYEmdQ96SalZJ 👩‍💼 Coordinator: Dr Shabina Fatima, Govt. College Khaniyadhana, Shivpuri MP 📧 indianlanguages.webinar@gmail.com | 📞 9621858304 / 9452264887