Literary Movements, British periodicals

Introduction:

Literary movements have served as powerful forces in shaping the landscape of English literature throughout history. From the Renaissance to post-apocalyptic literature, these movements have emerged as dynamic responses to societal, cultural, and artistic shifts. Each movement represents a unique set of ideas, themes, and techniques that have influenced writers and readers alike. Exploring these literary movements provides us with valuable insights into the evolution of literature and the diverse voices that have contributed to its richness.

Here is a list of important literary movements in English literature:

• Renaissance
• Enlightenment
• Romanticism
• Victorian Literature
• Realism
• Naturalism
• Symbolism
• Modernism
• Harlem Renaissance
• Imagism
• Dadaism
• Surrealism
• Existentialism
• Beat Generation
• Postmodernism
• Black Arts Movement
• Postcolonialism
• Magical Realism
• New Criticism
• Transcendentalism
• Gothic Literature
• Absurdism
• Stream of Consciousness
• Poststructuralism
• Feminist Literature
• Postcolonial Literature
• Queer Literature
• Afrofuturism
• Cyberpunk
• Post-apocalyptic Literature

Renaissance:

 A cultural and intellectual movement in Europe, celebrating classical learning, art, and literature while emphasizing humanism and individualism.

Enlightenment: 

An intellectual movement promoting reason, logic, and scientific thinking, advocating for individual rights, democracy, and a critical approach to traditional authority.


Romanticism:

 Emphasizing emotion, imagination, and the beauty of nature, Romanticism celebrated individuality and explored themes of love, passion, and the supernatural.


Victorian Literature:

 Literature produced during the reign of Queen Victoria, reflecting societal values, moral concerns, and exploring themes of social class, gender roles, and industrialization.


Realism: 

Depicting ordinary life with accuracy, Realism focused on social conditions, everyday experiences, and the struggles of common people, addressing themes of social inequality and the human condition.


Naturalism: 

A literary movement that emphasized scientific objectivity, portraying characters as products of their environment and exploring the deterministic nature of human existence.


Symbolism: 

Symbolism sought to convey meaning through symbols and metaphors, often exploring the inner world of emotions, dreams, and the supernatural.


Modernism: Challenging traditional forms and conventions, Modernism embraced experimentation and fragmentation, reflecting the fragmented and uncertain nature of the modern world.


Harlem Renaissance: 

A cultural and artistic movement celebrating African-American heritage, promoting racial pride, and exploring themes of identity, social injustice, and the African-American experience.


Imagism: 

Focused on concise, vivid imagery and precise language, Imagism sought to convey emotions and impressions directly without excessive ornamentation.


Dadaism: 

An avant-garde movement that rejected traditional aesthetics and embraced absurdity, randomness, and anti-art sentiments.


Surrealism: 

Emphasizing the irrational, dreamlike, and subconscious, Surrealism sought to explore the depths of the human psyche and challenge societal norms.


Existentialism: 

A philosophical movement that explored themes of human existence, freedom, and individuality, often questioning the meaning and purpose of life.


Beat Generation: 

A countercultural movement characterized by rejection of mainstream values, embracing spontaneity, spiritual exploration, and nonconformity.


Postmodernism:

 Challenging grand narratives and objective truth, Postmodernism embraced fragmentation, intertextuality, and self-reflexivity, questioning established notions of identity, language, and reality.


Black Arts Movement: 

A cultural and artistic movement that aimed to promote and celebrate black culture, identity, and political activism, addressing issues of racial inequality and social justice.


Postcolonialism: 

Focused on literature from formerly colonized countries, Postcolonialism explored the legacy of colonialism, cultural hybridity, and the reclaiming of cultural identity.


Magical Realism: 

Blending elements of the real and the fantastical, Magical Realism explored the extraordinary within ordinary settings, often associated with Latin American literature.


New Criticism: 

A literary movement that emphasized close textual analysis, focusing on the internal structure and complexities of a literary work rather than external context.


Transcendentalism:

 A philosophical movement promoting individual spirituality, the divinity of nature, and the belief in the inherent goodness of humanity.


Gothic Literature: 

Characterized by elements of horror, mystery, and the supernatural, Gothic Literature often explored themes of madness, death, and the macabre.


Absurdism: 

Reflecting the sense of the absurdity and meaninglessness of life, Absurdism often presented situations and characters that defied logical explanation or purpose.


Stream of Consciousness: 

A narrative technique that aims to capture the flow of a character's thoughts and emotions, presenting a subjective and unfiltered perspective.


Poststructuralism:

 Challenging fixed meanings and language, Poststructuralism questioned the stability of language and the construction of reality, exploring power dynamics and cultural systems.


Feminist Literature: 

Literature that examines and challenges gender inequality, advocating for women's rights, and exploring the female experience and perspectives.


Postcolonial Literature:

 Literature that addresses the legacy of colonialism, exploring the impact on culture, identity, and social dynamics in formerly colonized regions.


Queer Literature:

 Literature that explores LGBTQ+ identities, experiences, and challenges, advocating for queer representation, visibility, and equality.


Afrofuturism: 

A cultural and artistic movement that combines African diaspora culture with futuristic elements, imagining alternative futures and exploring issues of race, identity, and technology.


Cyberpunk: 

A genre that combines science fiction and technology with a gritty and dystopian worldview, often exploring themes of corporate power, artificial intelligence, and societal decay.


Post-apocalyptic Literature:

 Literature set in a world after a major catastrophe or disaster, exploring themes of survival, human resilience, and the consequences of societal collapse.

These literary movements have played a significant role in shaping the course of English literature, influencing writers, and reflecting the social, cultural, and political contexts of their time. Each movement represents a distinct set of themes, styles, and ideologies that have contributed to the diversity and richness of literary expression throughout history.

Scottish Chaucerian

Chaucer have the master of this group of Courtly poets from 1425 to 1550. also, they called a Maker. they used a verse form theme of Chaucer. The name was given, to a group for great writers Geoffrey Chaucer. They mainly used Rhyme Royal and Allegory in their works.

writers:-

• William Dunbar
• Robert Henryson
• Gavin Douglashas
• Sir David Lyndsay
• King James I

works:-

Lament for the Makeris

Metaphysical poets

    The term 'Metaphysic' first coined by John Dryden in his work Discourse concerning Satire to refer the John Donne. Although, the term 'Metaphysical Poets' by Samuel Jonson in his book Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets. Basically, this was a 17th-century group, who used wrote witty poems on love, religion, and morality by comparing with dissimilar things. The prominent writer of this group is John Donne along with other writers like George Herbert, Andrew Marvell, Abraham Cowley, Thomas Carew and Henry Vaughan.

Southern-Agrarians

    These were a 1940s group of twelve American Southerners writers, They all have a also known as 12 Southerners, Fugitive Agrarians and Vader Bilt Agrarians. they contributed in the essay collection which known as the "I take my Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition."

• which includes:-
• John Crowe Ransom,
• Allen Tate,
• Stark Young,
• Robert Penn Warren,
• John Donald Wade
• Frank Lawrence Owsley
• Herman Clarence Nixon
• Lyle H. Lanier
• Andrew Nelson Lytle
• Henry Blue Kline
• John Gould Fletcher
• Donald Davidson

New Apocalyptics

    It is a group of poetry writers in the United Kingdom in the late 1930th and early 1940s. It was a amalgamation of Welsh, Scottish and British poets. the two main Anthologies are The New Apocalypse, by J.F. Hendry and Henry Treece, The second is The White Horseman. They influence by the Surrealism and Romanticism, also they rejected the ideology of Auden Group writers.

Writers:

• David Gascoyne
• George Barker
• G. S. Fraser
• Verrnon Watkins
• Herbert Read
• Kathleen Raine
• Dylan Thomas
• Henry Treece

Black Mountain Poets

    It was a group of 1940s and 1950s American poets, who studied at Black Mountain College at North Carolina. Their works were published in the magazine called Origen and Black Mountain Review. Due to Charles Olson's work Projective Verse form, this group is that way called Projectivist Poets.

writer:-

• Robert Creeley
• Charles Olson
• Robert Duncan
• Denise Levertov

works:-

Projective Verse by Charles Olson in 1950

War Poets

    War poets was a poets who participated in World War I and wrote about their experiences. they mainly portray the effect of war on people and their minds. They called War Poet but their writing is against the war and its horrifying effects.

writes:-

• Siegfried Sassoon
• Wilfred Owen
• Robert Graves
• Isaac Rosenberg
• Edward Thomas
• Rupert Brook

Pre Raphaelite Brotherhood

    It was a group of painters, art critics, and poets in mid 19th century. The group was founded by Dante G Rosetti in 1848. this group breaks the tradition in poetry set by Tennyson. 'The Germ' periodical is associated with this group.

Writers:-

• Dante Gabriel Rosetti
• William Michael Rosetti
• James Collinson
• William Holman Hunt
• John Everett Millais
• Thomas Wolnerce

Lost Generation

    Lost Generation was a group of American writers during world war I. This term was first coined by Gertrude Stein but it was popularized by Ernest Hemingway. He used this term in her epigraph in the novel The Sun Also Rises.

writers:-

• Ernest Hemingway
• Gertrude Stein
• F. S. Fitzgerald
• T. S. Eliot

Angry Young Man

    It was a group of English novelists and playwriters. they show their anger toward society. it was assumed that the title was taken from Leslie Paul's autobiography 'Angry Young Man'. they revolt against social inequality. two famous works are: John Osborn's Look Back in Anger and Kingsley Amis Luckey Jim

writers:-

• John Osborn
• Kingsley Amis
• Edward Bond
• Alan Sillitoe
• Davis Storey
• Arnold Wesker

Rhymer's Club

    This club was founded in 1890 by W.B Yeats and Earnest Rhys, which include the London based Young male poets and writers. The Following writers belong to the Rhymer's club. The writers also referred to the tragic Generation due to failure and in many cases early death. These writers published mainly two volumes the first entitles The Book of the Rhymers' Club in 1892 by Elkin Mathews and The Second Book of the Rhymers' Club in 1894.

writers:-

• Ernest Rhys
• W.B. YeatsT.W. Rolleston,
• John Todhunter,
• Richard Gallienne,
• Lionel Johnson,
• Arthur Cecil Hillier,
• Ernest Dowson,
• Victor Plarr,
• Ernest Radford,
• Arthur Symons,
• G.A. Greene,
• Edwin J. Ellis

works:-

The Book of the Rhymers' Club - 1892
The Second Book of the Rhymers' Club - 1894

Irish Dramatic Movement

    This movement first began in the twentieth century for revised the Old Irish Drama in English Literature. the leader of this movement was W. B. Yeats, who established the Irish Literary Society in London in 1891. He was inspired by the Gaelic Movement. He published Celtic Twilight in 1902, which talks about Irish Folklore, myth and legend. The pivotal founder members of the Irish National Theatre are Lady Gregory, J. M. Synge and W. B. Yeats. They gathered and wrote plays and perform at this theatre. Other Writers who associated with this group are Lennox Robinson, T. C. Murray, Edward Martyn, Sean O'Casey and William Boyle.

works:

Celtic Twilight - W. B. Yeats
History of Ireland -1880 - Standish O'Grady
A Literary History of Ireland - 1899- Douglas Hyde

Auden Group

    This Group's members are also known as the New Poetry of the 1930s or Thirties Poets due to this is the movement of 1930 by British and Irish Writers. They all were educated at Oxford and Cambridge. MaCSpaunday was a name composed by Roy Campbell. Their views are toward the Left-wing political parties.

MaCSpaunday

'Mac' Means Louis MacNeice,
'Sp' Means Stephen Spender,
'Aun' Means W. H. Auden and last
'Day' menas Cecil Day-Lewis.

Conclusion:

The study of literary movements offers a fascinating journey through the changing tides of English literature. Each movement marks a distinct chapter in the ever-evolving story of human expression. From the passion and imagination of Romanticism to the social critiques of Realism, these movements have challenged conventions, ignited intellectual debates, and inspired countless writers to push the boundaries of creativity. As we delve into the vast array of literary movements, we gain a deeper appreciation for the power of literature to capture the essence of different eras and to reflect the complexities of the human experience.

Introduction:

In the realm of literary and academic studies, periodicals, journals, and magazines play a crucial role in disseminating knowledge, fostering intellectual discourse, and showcasing the latest research and ideas. The NET examination often includes questions related to important British periodicals and their significance in shaping literary and cultural movements. In this blog post, we present a chronological list of notable British periodicals, highlighting their contributions and impact on the literary landscape. By exploring these periodicals, we gain insights into the dynamic evolution of British literature and the vibrant intellectual conversations that have shaped literary history.

This list of British periodicals/Journals/Magazines which frequently asked in the NET examination in a chronological sequence. 

• The Tatler 1709 - 1711 by Richard Steele
• The Spectator 1711 - 1714 by Joseph Addison & Richard Steele
• The Intelligencer 1728 - 1729 by Jonathan Swift and Thomas Sheridan
• The Gentleman's Magazine 1731 - 1907 by Edward Cave
• The London Magazine 1732 - 1785
• The Monthly Review 1749 - 1845 by Ralph Griffiths & Robert Dodsley
• The Rambler 1750 - 1752
• The Adventurer 1752 - 1754 by John Hawkesworth & Samuel Johnson
• The Critical Review 1756 - 1817
• The London Chronicle 1756 - 1823
• The Idler 1758 - 1760 by Samuel Johnson
• The Bee 1759 - 1759
• London Review 1782 - 1826 by James Perry later edited by Isaac Reed
• The Observer 1791 -
• The Monthly Magazine 1796 - 1825 by Sir Richard Phillips edited by John Aikin
• The Watchman 1796 by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
• The Edinburgh Review 1802 - 1900
• The Examiner 1808 - 1886.
• Quarterly Review 1809 - 1967
• Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine 1817 - 1980
• Edinburgh Monthly Review 1819 - 1821
• The London Magazine 1822 -1829
• The Westminster Review 1824 - 1914
• The London Review 1829The Germ 1850 - 1850
• The Atlantic Monthly 1857 - 1915.
• All the Year Round by Charles Dickens 1859 - 1895The Cornhill Magazine 1860 - 1975
• Cornhill Magazine 1862The Dial 1889 - 1897 by Charles Ricketts & Charles Shannon
• The Criterion by T. S. Eliot 1927 - 1928

Publication

• JCL - Commonwealth Literature Journal
• The Dial- Transcendentalist Journal
• New Lines - Movement Poets
• Brooklyn Eagle - Walt Whitman
• Brooklyn Times - Walt Whitman
• The Gentleman's Magazine - Edward Cave
• ISLE Reader - Ecocriticism
• Commonweal - Marxism
• October - Cultural Studies
• Kunapipi - Post Colonialism
• Callalloo - Post Colonialism

1. Who of the following is not a periodical essayist ?

(A) Jonathan Swift (B) Joseph Addison

(C) Richard Steele (D) Lancelot Andrews

Answer: - D


2. Which two of the following inspired the rise of the periodical essay?

A. Robert Burton B. Francois Rabelais

C. Francis Bacon D. Michel de Montaigne

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

1. Cand A only 2. A and B only

3. Cand D only 4. B and D only

Answer: 3

3. What is the chronological order of the appearance of the following Periodicals?

1. The tattler 2. The spectator

3. The Examiner 4. The reflector

Choose the correct option:

1. (b), (a), (d) and (c) 2. (c), (b), (a) and (d)

3. (a), (b), (c) and (d) 4. (d), (a), (b) and (c)

 
Answer :- 3


4. Match the periodicals with their writers/ contributors

a) The Rambler i. Charles Dickens

b) Macmillan’s Magazine ii. Samuel Johnson

c) The guardian iii. David Masson

d) Bentley’s Miscellany iv. Richard Steele

Choose the correct option:

1. (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii) 2. (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)

3. (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i) 4. (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)

 
Answer :- 3

5. In the UNESCO definition, a ‘Pamphlet’ is an unbound publication that is not a periodical and contains:

1. No fewer than 5 and no more than 48 pages

2. No fewer than 10 and no more than 68 pages

3. No fewer than 15 and no more than 64 pages

4. No fewer than 20 and no more than 80 pages

 
Answer :- 1


6. Match the periodical with the founder/s :

List – I List – II

A. The Egoist I. Wyndham Lewis and Ezra Pound

B. The English Review II. Harriet Monroe

C. Blast III. Harriet Weaver and Dora Marsden

D. Poetry: A Magazine of Verse IV. Ford Madox Ford

Codes :

A B C D

(1) II III I IV

(2) III I IV II

(3) III IV I II

(4) III II I IV


Answer: - 3


7. Identify the correct chronological sequence of the founding of the following 18th century English periodicals :

(1) Tatler – Spectator – The Gentleman’s Magazine – Rambler

(2) Spectator – Tatler – The Gentleman’s Magazine – Rambler

(3) Rambler – Tatler – Spectator – The Gentleman’s Magazine

(4) Tatler – Spectator – Rambler – The Gentleman’s Magazine

Answer: - 1


8. This periodical was started in 1709 with a motive ‘to expose the false arts of life, to pull the disguise of cunning, vanity and affectation, and to recommend a general simplicity in our dress, our discourse and our behaviour.’ The founder of the periodical wrote under the pseudonym of Isaac Bickerstaff. The periodical described above is

(A) The Tatler (B) The Spectator

(C) The Critical Review (D) The Rambler

Answer: (A)

9. This periodical had the avowed intention “to enliven morality with wit and to temper wit with morality… to bring philosophy out of the closets and libraries, schools and colleges, to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at tea-tables and coffee houses”. It also promoted family, marriage and courtesy.

The periodical under reference is:

(A) The Tatler (B) The Spectator

(C) The Gentleman’s Magazine (D) The London Magazine

Answer: (B)


10. (A) Sonnet, periodical essay, gothic novel, absurd play

(B) Gothic novel, periodical essay, sonnet, absurd play

(C) Periodical essay, gothic novel, absurd play, sonnet

(D) Sonnet, gothic novel, periodical essay, absurd play

Answer: - A

Conclusion:

British periodicals, journals, and magazines have been instrumental in nurturing intellectual and literary movements, shaping literary discourse, and showcasing the work of notable writers, thinkers, and scholars. From the early beginnings of The Tatler and The Spectator, which paved the way for modern journalism and essay writing, to the influential literary magazines of the 20th century like The Criterion and Granta, these periodicals have provided platforms for innovation, cultural commentary, and literary excellence. As we reflect on the chronological journey through these British periodicals, we are reminded of the power of print media in shaping literary traditions, engaging readers, and fostering intellectual growth. The legacy of these periodicals continues to inspire and influence the literary landscape, making them invaluable resources for both scholars and enthusiasts of British literature.

British periodicals/Journals/Magazines 

Introduction:

In the realm of literary and academic studies, periodicals, journals, and magazines play a crucial role in disseminating knowledge, fostering intellectual discourse, and showcasing the latest research and ideas. The NET examination often includes questions related to important British periodicals and their significance in shaping literary and cultural movements. In this blog post, we present a chronological list of notable British periodicals, highlighting their contributions and impact on the literary landscape. By exploring these periodicals, we gain insights into the dynamic evolution of British literature and the vibrant intellectual conversations that have shaped literary history.

This list of British periodicals/Journals/Magazines which frequently asked in the NET examination in a chronological sequence. 

• The Tatler 1709 - 1711 by Richard Steele
• The Spectator 1711 - 1714 by Joseph Addison & Richard Steele
• The Intelligencer 1728 - 1729 by Jonathan Swift and Thomas Sheridan
• The Gentleman's Magazine 1731 - 1907 by Edward Cave
• The London Magazine 1732 - 1785
• The Monthly Review 1749 - 1845 by Ralph Griffiths & Robert Dodsley
• The Rambler 1750 - 1752
• The Adventurer 1752 - 1754 by John Hawkesworth & Samuel Johnson
• The Critical Review 1756 - 1817
• The London Chronicle 1756 - 1823
• The Idler 1758 - 1760 by Samuel Johnson
• The Bee 1759 - 1759
• London Review 1782 - 1826 by James Perry later edited by Isaac Reed
• The Observer 1791 -
• The Monthly Magazine 1796 - 1825 by Sir Richard Phillips edited by John Aikin
• The Watchman 1796 by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
• The Edinburgh Review 1802 - 1900
• The Examiner 1808 - 1886.
• Quarterly Review 1809 - 1967
• Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine 1817 - 1980
• Edinburgh Monthly Review 1819 - 1821
• The London Magazine 1822 -1829
• The Westminster Review 1824 - 1914
• The London Review 1829The Germ 1850 - 1850
• The Atlantic Monthly 1857 - 1915.
• All the Year Round by Charles Dickens 1859 - 1895The Cornhill Magazine 1860 - 1975
• Cornhill Magazine 1862The Dial 1889 - 1897 by Charles Ricketts & Charles Shannon
• The Criterion by T. S. Eliot 1927 - 1928

Publication

• JCL - Commonwealth Literature Journal
• The Dial- Transcendentalist Journal
• New Lines - Movement Poets
• Brooklyn Eagle - Walt Whitman
• Brooklyn Times - Walt Whitman
• The Gentleman's Magazine - Edward Cave
• ISLE Reader - Ecocriticism
• Commonweal - Marxism
• October - Cultural Studies
• Kunapipi - Post Colonialism
• Callalloo - Post Colonialism

1. Who of the following is not a periodical essayist ?

(A) Jonathan Swift (B) Joseph Addison

(C) Richard Steele (D) Lancelot Andrews

Answer: - D


2. Which two of the following inspired the rise of the periodical essay?

A. Robert Burton B. Francois Rabelais

C. Francis Bacon D. Michel de Montaigne

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

1. Cand A only 2. A and B only

3. Cand D only 4. B and D only

Answer: 3

3. What is the chronological order of the appearance of the following Periodicals?

1. The tattler 2. The spectator

3. The Examiner 4. The reflector

Choose the correct option:

1. (b), (a), (d) and (c) 2. (c), (b), (a) and (d)

3. (a), (b), (c) and (d) 4. (d), (a), (b) and (c)

 
Answer :- 3


4. Match the periodicals with their writers/ contributors

a) The Rambler i. Charles Dickens

b) Macmillan’s Magazine ii. Samuel Johnson

c) The guardian iii. David Masson

d) Bentley’s Miscellany iv. Richard Steele

Choose the correct option:

1. (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii) 2. (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)

3. (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i) 4. (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)

 
Answer :- 3

5. In the UNESCO definition, a ‘Pamphlet’ is an unbound publication that is not a periodical and contains:

1. No fewer than 5 and no more than 48 pages

2. No fewer than 10 and no more than 68 pages

3. No fewer than 15 and no more than 64 pages

4. No fewer than 20 and no more than 80 pages

 
Answer :- 1


6. Match the periodical with the founder/s :

List – I List – II

A. The Egoist I. Wyndham Lewis and Ezra Pound

B. The English Review II. Harriet Monroe

C. Blast III. Harriet Weaver and Dora Marsden

D. Poetry: A Magazine of Verse IV. Ford Madox Ford

Codes :

A B C D

(1) II III I IV

(2) III I IV II

(3) III IV I II

(4) III II I IV


Answer: - 3


7. Identify the correct chronological sequence of the founding of the following 18th century English periodicals :

(1) Tatler – Spectator – The Gentleman’s Magazine – Rambler

(2) Spectator – Tatler – The Gentleman’s Magazine – Rambler

(3) Rambler – Tatler – Spectator – The Gentleman’s Magazine

(4) Tatler – Spectator – Rambler – The Gentleman’s Magazine

Answer: - 1


8. This periodical was started in 1709 with a motive ‘to expose the false arts of life, to pull the disguise of cunning, vanity and affectation, and to recommend a general simplicity in our dress, our discourse and our behaviour.’ The founder of the periodical wrote under the pseudonym of Isaac Bickerstaff. The periodical described above is

(A) The Tatler (B) The Spectator

(C) The Critical Review (D) The Rambler

Answer: (A)

9. This periodical had the avowed intention “to enliven morality with wit and to temper wit with morality… to bring philosophy out of the closets and libraries, schools and colleges, to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at tea-tables and coffee houses”. It also promoted family, marriage and courtesy.

The periodical under reference is:

(A) The Tatler (B) The Spectator

(C) The Gentleman’s Magazine (D) The London Magazine

Answer: (B)


10. (A) Sonnet, periodical essay, gothic novel, absurd play

(B) Gothic novel, periodical essay, sonnet, absurd play

(C) Periodical essay, gothic novel, absurd play, sonnet

(D) Sonnet, gothic novel, periodical essay, absurd play

Answer: - A

Conclusion:

British periodicals, journals, and magazines have been instrumental in nurturing intellectual and literary movements, shaping literary discourse, and showcasing the work of notable writers, thinkers, and scholars. From the early beginnings of The Tatler and The Spectator, which paved the way for modern journalism and essay writing, to the influential literary magazines of the 20th century like The Criterion and Granta, these periodicals have provided platforms for innovation, cultural commentary, and literary excellence. As we reflect on the chronological journey through these British periodicals, we are reminded of the power of print media in shaping literary traditions, engaging readers, and fostering intellectual growth. The legacy of these periodicals continues to inspire and influence the literary landscape, making them invaluable resources for both scholars and enthusiasts of British literature.