Discover the firsts in English literature, from the first novel to the first tragedy. A must-read for NET, JRF, SET, PhD, and English literature students.

Firsts in English Literature: Key Milestones for NET & PhD Students

📌 Introduction

📚 Firsts in English Literature: Milestones That Shaped Literary History

English literature has evolved through centuries, producing some of the most iconic works that laid the foundation for modern storytelling. From the first English novel to the first epic, these literary milestones have shaped genres and influenced generations of writers.

This post is essential for NET, JRF, SET, PhD, and English literature students, providing an in-depth look at key literary firsts, including the first English tragedy, first picaresque novel, first detective novel, first Gothic novel, and more. These works played a crucial role in the development of English literature, marking the beginning of new styles and storytelling techniques.

Poetry & Epic

📜 First Epic in English – Beowulf (c. 8th–11th century)
📜 First Allegorical Epic in English – The Faerie Queene (1590, 1596) by Edmund Spenser

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Prose & Travelogues

📖 First Prose Work in English – Ancrene Wisse (c. 1225, a guide for anchoresses)
📖 First Travelogue in English – The Travels of Sir John Mandeville (c. 1357–1371)
📖 First Autobiography in English – The Book of Margery Kempe (1430s)
📖 First English Essay Collection – Essays (1597) by Francis Bacon

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Novels & Fiction

📖 First Novel in English – Robinson Crusoe (1719) by Daniel Defoe
📖 First English Picaresque Novel – The Unfortunate Traveller (1594) by Thomas Nashe
📖 First English Historical Novel – Waverley (1814) by Sir Walter Scott
📖 First English Gothic Novel – The Castle of Otranto (1764) by Horace Walpole
📖 First English Epistolary Novel – Pamela (1740) by Samuel Richardson
📖 First English Psychological Novel – Clarissa (1748) by Samuel Richardson
📖 First English Satirical Novel – Gulliver’s Travels (1726) by Jonathan Swift
📖 First English Science Fiction Novel – Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley
📖 First English Detective Novel – The Moonstone (1868) by Wilkie Collins
📖 First English Dystopian Novel – The Time Machine (1895) by H.G. Wells
📖 First English Stream-of-Consciousness Novel – Dorothy Richardson’s Pilgrimage series (1915–1938)

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Drama & Plays

🎭 First English Tragedy – Gorboduc (1561) by Thomas Norton & Thomas Sackville
🎭 First English Comedy – Ralph Roister Doister (c. 1552) by Nicholas Udall
🎭 First English Revenge Tragedy – The Spanish Tragedy (1585–1592) by Thomas Kyd
🎭 First Shakespearean Tragedy – Titus Andronicus (c. 1591–1592)

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Literary Milestones

📚 First English Novel to Sell Over a Million Copies – Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) by Harriet Beecher Stowe
📚 First Booker Prize Winner – Something to Answer For (1969) by P.H. Newby
📚 First English Nobel Laureate in Literature – Rudyard Kipling (1907)

Poetry

📜 First Epic in English – Beowulf (c. 8th–11th century)
📜 First Allegorical Poem – The Vision of Piers Plowman by William Langland (14th century)
📜 First English Sonnet – Astrophel and Stella by Sir Philip Sidney (1580s)
📜 First Sonnet Sequence in English – Astrophel and Stella by Sir Philip Sidney (1591)
📜 First Blank Verse Poem – Surrey’s Aeneid (1554) by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey
📜 First Pastoral Poem in English – The Shepheardes Calender by Edmund Spenser (1579)

Drama

🎭 First Tragedy in English – Gorboduc (1561) by Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville
🎭 First Comedy in English – Ralph Roister Doister (c. 1552) by Nicholas Udall
🎭 First Blank Verse Tragedy – Gorboduc (1561)

Novels & Prose

📖 First Novel in English – Robinson Crusoe (1719) by Daniel Defoe
📖 First English Novel in Verse – Tristram Shandy (1760) by Laurence Sterne (though not strictly verse, it's experimental)
📖 First Gothic Novel – The Castle of Otranto (1764) by Horace Walpole
📖 First Epistolary Novel in English – Pamela (1740) by Samuel Richardson
📖 First English Historical Novel – Waverley (1814) by Sir Walter Scott

Poetry & Verse

📜 First English Narrative Poem with Novelistic Elements – Troilus and Criseyde (1380s) by Geoffrey Chaucer
📜 First Epic in Modern English – The Faerie Queene (1590, 1596) by Edmund Spenser
📜 First Mock-Epic Poem in English – The Rape of the Lock (1712, expanded 1714) by Alexander Pope
📜 First Romantic Poetry Collection – Lyrical Ballads (1798) by William Wordsworth & Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Drama

🎭 First Printed Play in English – Everyman (c. 1510, morality play)
🎭 First English Revenge Tragedy – The Spanish Tragedy (1585–1592) by Thomas Kyd
🎭 First Shakespearean Tragedy – Titus Andronicus (c. 1591–1592)
🎭 First English Comedy of Manners – The Country Wife (1675) by William Wycherley
🎭 First English Feminist Play – The Rover (1677) by Aphra Behn

Novels & Prose

📖 First English Picaresque Novel – The Unfortunate Traveller (1594) by Thomas Nashe
📖 First Realist Novel in English – Pamela (1740) by Samuel Richardson
📖 First Psychological Novel in English – Clarissa (1748) by Samuel Richardson
📖 First English Satirical Novel – Gulliver’s Travels (1726) by Jonathan Swift
📖 First Science Fiction Novel in English – Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley
📖 First English Detective Novel – The Moonstone (1868) by Wilkie Collins
📖 First English Stream-of-Consciousness Novel – Dorothy Richardson’s Pilgrimage series (1915–1938)

Poetry & Verse

📜 First English Long Poem on a Historical Subject – Brut (c. 1190) by Layamon (Middle English chronicle poem)
📜 First Metaphysical Poem in English – The Flea (published posthumously, 1633) by John Donne
📜 First Major Satirical Poem in English – Hudibras (1663–1678) by Samuel Butler
📜 First Feminist Poetry Collection in English – Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (1773) by Phillis Wheatley
📜 First Modernist Long Poem in English – The Waste Land (1922) by T.S. Eliot

Drama & Theatre

🎭 First Play by a Female English Dramatist – The Forc’d Marriage (1670) by Aphra Behn
🎭 First English Restoration Tragedy – Venice Preserv’d (1682) by Thomas Otway
🎭 First English Melodrama – A Tale of Mystery (1802) by Thomas Holcroft
🎭 First English Absurdist Play – Waiting for Godot (1953) by Samuel Beckett

Novels & Prose

📖 First English Autobiography – The Book of Margery Kempe (1430s, first autobiography in English)
📖 First English Novel by a Woman – Oroonoko (1688) by Aphra Behn
📖 First English Bildungsroman (Coming-of-Age Novel) – The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749) by Henry Fielding
📖 First English Novel on Slavery – The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) by Olaudah Equiano
📖 First English Dystopian Novel – The Time Machine (1895) by H.G. Wells
📖 First English Modernist Novel – A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) by James Joyce
📖 First English Graphic Novel – A Contract with God (1978) by Will Eisner (debated, but influential)

Literary Movements & Genres

📚 First Work of English Romanticism – Songs of Innocence and Experience (1789–1794) by William Blake
📚 First Realist Novel in English Literature – Pamela (1740) by Samuel Richardson
📚 First English Existential Novel – Nausea (1938, translated later) by Jean-Paul Sartre (originally French, but influential in English)
📚 First English Postmodern Novel – Slaughterhouse-Five (1969) by Kurt Vonnegut (arguably)

Here’s a list of "firsts" in Indian English literature" across different genres and literary forms:

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Poetry & Verse

📜 First Indian English Poet – Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (Poems, 1827)
📜 First Indian English Epic Poem – The Shair and Other Poems (1830) by Kashiprasad Ghosh
📜 First Indian English Sonnet Writer – Toru Dutt (Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan, 1882)
📜 First Indian English Woman Poet – Toru Dutt (A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields, 1876)
📜 First Indian English Modernist Poet – Nissim Ezekiel (A Time to Change, 1952)

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Novels & Prose

📖 First Indian Novel in English – Rajmohan’s Wife (1864) by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
📖 First Indian English Novel by a Woman – Saguna (1887) by Krupabai Satthianadhan
📖 First Indian English Historical Novel – Seeta (1872) by Colonel Meadows Taylor
📖 First Indian English Autobiography – My Experiments with Truth (1927) by Mahatma Gandhi
📖 First Indian English Fiction Writer Gaining International Fame – R.K. Narayan (Swami and Friends, 1935)
📖 First Indian English Novel Winning the Booker Prize – Midnight’s Children (1981) by Salman Rushdie

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Drama & Theatre

🎭 First Indian English Playwright – Michael Madhusudan Dutt (Is This Called Civilization?, 1871)
🎭 First Notable Indian English Play – Tughlaq (1964) by Girish Karnad

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Literary Milestones

📚 First Indian English Writer to Win the Nobel Prize – Rabindranath Tagore (Gitanjali, 1913)
📚 First Indian Woman to Win the Booker Prize – Arundhati Roy (The God of Small Things, 1997)
📚 First Indian English Novel Shortlisted for the Booker Prize – The Painter of Signs (1976) by R.K. Narayan

📌 Conclusion

The firsts in English literature highlight the evolution of literary forms, from epics and sonnets to novels and plays. These works not only defined genres but also inspired countless authors. Understanding these milestones is essential for English literature students preparing for NET, JRF, SET, and PhD research, as they form the core of literary studies.

Note for Readers

This list highlights key "firsts" in English literature. If you spot any errors or have more to add, please share your thoughts in the comments! 📖✨

    Discover the greatest writers of Classical Greek literature, including Homer, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Plato, and Aristotle. Explore their timeless works like Iliad, Odyssey, Oedipus Rex, Medea, The Republic, and more. Learn how Greek tragedy, comedy, epic poetry, and philosophy shaped Western literature.

Classical Greek Literature: Legendary Writers and Their Timeless Works

introduction:

Classical Greek literature is the foundation of Western literary traditions, influencing storytelling, drama, philosophy, and historical writing. From the epic poetry of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey to the philosophical works of Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Poetics, ancient Greek writers shaped the way we understand literature and thought.

The world of Greek tragedy was pioneered by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, whose works like The Oresteia, Oedipus Rex, and Medea explore themes of fate, justice, and heroism in Greek mythology. Meanwhile, Aristophanes revolutionized Greek comedy with satirical masterpieces such as Lysistrata and The Frogs, offering sharp critiques of Athenian society.

Historians like Herodotus, the "Father of History," and Thucydides, author of The History of the Peloponnesian War, documented real events with an analytical approach. Xenophon’s Anabasis provided firsthand military accounts that influenced future historical narratives.

In poetry, Pindar’s odes celebrated athletic victories, while Hesiod’s Theogony explored the genealogy of the Greek gods. Aesop’s Fables, timeless short moral stories, continue to be retold worldwide.

These legendary writers and their works have left an indelible mark on global literature, inspiring storytelling across cultures. Their exploration of fate vs. free will, heroism in Greek literature, and the origins of Western literature remain relevant today.

Discover the legacy of Classical Greek literature, where mythology, history, and philosophy intertwine to shape the literary world as we know it.

Classical Greek literature refers to the body of literary works produced in ancient Greece during the Classical period (5th–4th century BCE), though it often includes earlier and later works. This literature greatly influenced Western literature, philosophy, and drama. Key genres include epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, history, and philosophy.

1. Epic Poetry

• Homer (c. 8th century BCE)

• • Iliad – The story of the Trojan War, focusing on Achilles.
  • Odyssey – The journey of Odysseus back to Ithaca after the war.
• Hesiod (c. 700 BCE)
  • Theogony – A genealogical account of the Greek gods.
  • Works and Days – A didactic poem about farming, justice, and morality.

2. Tragedy (5th century BCE)

Aeschylus (c. 525–456 BCE)

• Aeschylus
• The Oresteia (a trilogy: Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, The Eumenides)

Aeschylus is considered the "father of tragedy," introducing the second actor (allowing for dialogue beyond the chorus) and expanding dramatic possibilities.

The Oresteia (Trilogy: Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, The Eumenides)

This trilogy explores the themes of justice, revenge, and the transition from personal vengeance to civic law.

1. Agamemnon – King Agamemnon returns from the Trojan War, only to be murdered by his wife, Clytemnestra, as revenge for sacrificing their daughter, Iphigenia.
2. The Libation Bearers – Orestes, Agamemnon’s son, avenges his father’s death by killing Clytemnestra, but is haunted by the Furies.
3. The Eumenides – Orestes is put on trial by the gods in Athens, where the goddess Athena establishes a legal court, shifting from blood vengeance to justice by law.

• 
  

• Sophocles (c. 497–406 BCE)

• Sophocles
• Oedipus Rex, Antigone, Electra

Sophocles is known for his deep character development, introduction of the third actor, and mastery of dramatic irony.

Oedipus Rex

The most famous Greek tragedy, it tells the story of Oedipus, who unknowingly fulfills a prophecy by killing his father and marrying his mother. His quest for truth leads to his tragic downfall.

Antigone

This play follows Antigone, who defies King Creon’s law to bury her brother, leading to her tragic death.

• Euripides

• • Medea, The Bacchae, Hippolytus, Trojan Women

3. Comedy

• Aristophanes (c. 446–386 BCE)

• • Lysistrata (anti-war satire), The Clouds (a critique of Socrates), The Frogs (literary criticism in comedic form)

4. History

• Herodotus (c. 484–425 BCE) – Histories (about the Persian Wars, considered the first work of history)
• Thucydides (c. 460–400 BCE) – History of the Peloponnesian War (analytical and factual approach)
• Xenophon (c. 430–354 BCE) – Anabasis (a military memoir), Hellenica (a continuation of Thucydides’ work)

5. Philosophy

• Plato (c. 428–348 BCE) – The Republic, Symposium, Apology (writings about Socrates, justice, and philosophy)
• Aristotle (384–322 BCE) – Poetics, Politics, Nicomachean Ethics, Metaphysics (foundations of Western philosophy)

Significance:

• Established literary forms still used today (epic, drama, history, philosophy).
• Influenced later Western literature, including Roman and Renaissance works.
• Explored universal themes like heroism, justice, fate, and human nature.

Aesop (c. 620–564 BCE) – Fabulist

Aesop is traditionally credited with a collection of fables—short moral stories that use animals as characters to convey lessons about human nature and ethics.

Key Features of Aesop’s Fables:

• Didactic Purpose: Each story teaches a moral lesson.
• Animal Characters: Anthropomorphic animals symbolize human traits.
• Simple, Universal Themes: Truth, deception, power, humility, and wisdom.
• Oral Tradition: The stories were passed down orally before being compiled in later centuries.

Famous Fables:

• The Tortoise and the Hare – Slow and steady wins the race.
• The Boy Who Cried Wolf – Lying destroys trust.
• The Fox and the Grapes – "Sour grapes" as a metaphor for cognitive dissonance.
• The Lion and the Mouse – Even the weak can help the strong.

Aesop's fables influenced later European literature, particularly in moral and children's storytelling.

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• Pindar (c. 518–438 BCE) – Lyric Poet

Pindar was one of the greatest Greek lyric poets, known for his epinician odes (victory odes) celebrating athletes who won at major Greek games (Olympian, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian).

Key Features of Pindar’s Poetry:

• Highly Formal and Complex: Uses elaborate metaphors, allusions, and mythology.
• Celebration of Arete (Excellence): Honors human and divine greatness.
• Religious and Mythological References: Connects human achievements to divine favor.
• Strophe-Antistrophe-Epode Structure: A formal pattern in choral odes.

Famous Works:

• Olympian Odes – Celebrates victories at the Olympic Games.
• Pythian Odes – Praises winners of the Pythian Games at Delphi.
• Nemean Odes and Isthmian Odes – Similar victory celebrations

Greek Writers and Their Works

1. Homer (c. 8th century BCE) – Epic Poetry

• Iliad
• Odyssey

2. Hesiod (c. 700 BCE) – Didactic Poetry

• Theogony
• Works and Days

3. Aesop (c. 620–564 BCE) – Fables

• Aesop’s Fables (various short moral stories)

4. Pindar (c. 518–438 BCE) – Lyric Poetry

• Olympian Odes
• Pythian Odes
• Nemean Odes
• Isthmian Odes

5. Aeschylus (c. 525–456 BCE) – Tragedy

• The Oresteia (Trilogy: Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, The Eumenides)
• The Persians
• The Suppliants
• Seven Against Thebes
• Prometheus Bound (attributed)

6. Sophocles (c. 497–406 BCE) – Tragedy

• Oedipus Rex
• Antigone
• Electra
• Oedipus at Colonus
• Ajax
• The Trachiniae
• Philoctetes

7. Euripides (c. 480–406 BCE) – Tragedy

• Medea
• The Bacchae
• Hippolytus
• The Trojan Women
• Alcestis
• Electra
• Andromache
• Hecuba
• Ion
• Iphigenia in Aulis
• Iphigenia in Tauris
• The Suppliants
• Helen
• Orestes
• The Phoenician Women
• Rhesus (attributed)

8. Aristophanes (c. 446–386 BCE) – Comedy

• Lysistrata
• The Clouds
• The Frogs
• The Birds
• The Wasps
• The Knights
• Peace
• Plutus
• The Acharnians
• Thesmophoriazusae
• Ecclesiazusae

9. Herodotus (c. 484–425 BCE) – History

• Histories

10. Thucydides (c. 460–400 BCE) – History

• History of the Peloponnesian War

11. Xenophon (c. 430–354 BCE) – History & Philosophy

• Anabasis
• Hellenica
• Cyropaedia
• Memorabilia
• Symposium
• Oeconomicus

12. Plato (c. 428–348 BCE) – Philosophy

• The Republic
• Apology
• Phaedo
• Symposium
• Meno
• Gorgias
• Phaedrus
• Laws
• Timaeus

13. Aristotle (384–322 BCE) – Philosophy & Science

• Poetics
• Politics
• Nicomachean Ethics
• Metaphysics
• Rhetoric
• De Anima (On the Soul)
• Physics
• Categories

Mcqs

Greek Literature

1. Who is considered the author of Iliad and Odyssey?
   a) Hesiod
   b) Homer
   c) Aeschylus
   d) Sophocles
   ✅ Answer: b) Homer

2. The Iliad primarily focuses on which war?
   a) Peloponnesian War
   b) Trojan War
   c) Persian War
   d) Corinthian War
   ✅ Answer: b) Trojan War

3. Who is the central hero of the Odyssey?
   a) Achilles
   b) Hector
   c) Odysseus
   d) Agamemnon
   ✅ Answer: c) Odysseus

4. Which work by Hesiod describes the genealogy of the Greek gods?
   a) Works and Days
   b) Theogony
   c) Oresteia
   d) The Republic
   ✅ Answer: b) Theogony

5. The concept of Xenia (hospitality) is a major theme in:
   a) The Bacchae
   b) Iliad
   c) Odyssey
   d) The Frogs
   ✅ Answer: c) Odyssey

6. Achilles’ anger in the Iliad is caused by:
   a) The death of his son
   b) His rejection by Helen
   c) Agamemnon taking Briseis
   d) His love for Cassandra
   ✅ Answer: c) Agamemnon taking Briseis

7. The Odyssey begins with Odysseus trapped on which island?
   a) Crete
   b) Ithaca
   c) Ogygia
   d) Delos
   ✅ Answer: c) Ogygia

8. Hesiod’s Works and Days teaches about:
   a) Philosophy and politics
   b) Farming and morality
   c) Military strategy
   d) Love and war
   ✅ Answer: b) Farming and morality

9. The Iliad ends with the funeral of:
   a) Paris
   b) Achilles
   c) Hector
   d) Agamemnon
   ✅ Answer: c) Hector

10. Who helps Odysseus return home in the Odyssey?
    a) Athena
    b) Zeus
    c) Poseidon
    d) Apollo
    ✅ Answer: a) Athena

12. Who is known as the "father of tragedy"?
    a) Sophocles
    b) Euripides
    c) Aeschylus
    d) Aristophanes
    ✅ Answer: c) Aeschylus

13. The Oresteia trilogy consists of:
    a) Oedipus Rex, Antigone, Electra
    b) The Bacchae, Medea, Hippolytus
    c) Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, The Eumenides
    d) Prometheus Bound, The Persians, The Suppliants
    ✅ Answer: c) Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, The Eumenides

14. Who wrote Oedipus Rex?
    a) Aeschylus
    b) Euripides
    c) Sophocles
    d) Aristophanes
    ✅ Answer: c) Sophocles

15. What is the central theme of Antigone?
    a) Love and betrayal
    b) Divine law vs. human law
    c) The Trojan War
    d) Revenge and forgiveness
    ✅ Answer: b) Divine law vs. human law

16. In Medea, why does Medea kill her children?
    a) To please the gods
    b) To punish Jason
    c) To escape Corinth
    d) To claim the throne
    ✅ Answer: b) To punish Jason

17. Who is the god of wine and revelry, central to The Bacchae?
    a) Apollo
    b) Dionysus
    c) Hermes
    d) Zeus
    ✅ Answer: b) Dionysus

18. The Trojan Women portrays:
    a) The rise of Troy
    b) The aftermath of the Trojan War
    c) The journey of Odysseus
    d) The fall of Athens
    ✅ Answer: b) The aftermath of the Trojan War

19. Which tragic hero blinds himself?
    a) Orestes
    b) Agamemnon
    c) Oedipus
    d) Theseus
    ✅ Answer: c) Oedipus

20. Who is Clytemnestra’s daughter?
    a) Medea
    b) Electra
    c) Helen
    d) Antigone
    ✅ Answer: b) Electra

Conclusion:

The impact of Classical Greek literature extends far beyond ancient Greece, shaping the foundations of Western literature, drama, history, and philosophy. From Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, which defined epic storytelling, to Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex and Euripides’ Medea, which revolutionized Greek tragedy, these works continue to influence modern literature and theater.

The thought-provoking ideas of Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Poetics still guide philosophical and literary discussions, while Herodotus’ Histories and Thucydides’ Peloponnesian War laid the groundwork for historical writing. Aesop’s Fables remain timeless lessons in morality, and Pindar’s odes celebrate the enduring spirit of heroism.

The themes of fate vs. free will, justice, heroism in Greek mythology, and the origins of Western literature remain deeply relevant, proving that the wisdom of the ancient Greeks is timeless. Whether in Greek tragedy, comedy, philosophy, or historical texts, these literary masterpieces continue to inspire, educate, and entertain audiences worldwide.

Exploring Greek literature is not just a journey into the past but an opportunity to understand the present and shape the future of storytelling, thought, and creativity.

#GreekLiterature #AncientGreece #GreekMythology #Homer #Aeschylus #Sophocles #Euripides #Plato #Aristotle #GreekTragedy #GreekComedy #WesternLiterature #ClassicalLiterature #Philosophy #EpicPoetry #GreekWriters #Mythology #History

Keywords:

• Classical Greek literature
• Ancient Greek writers
• Greek mythology in literature
• Greek tragedy and comedy
• Homer Iliad Odyssey
• Aeschylus Oresteia
• Sophocles Oedipus Rex Antigone
• Euripides Medea The Bacchae
• Aristophanes Lysistrata The Frogs
• Plato Republic Aristotle Poetics
• Herodotus Histories Thucydides Peloponnesian War
• Aesop’s Fables Hesiod Theogony
• Fate vs free will in Greek literature
• Heroism in Greek mythology
• Origins of Western literature