Net Exam : Imp Writer : George Bernard Shaw , Leo Tolstoy

Introduction:

    George Bernard Shaw, commonly known as G.B. Shaw, was an Irish playwright, critic, and polemicist. He was born on July 26, 1856, in Dublin, Ireland, and passed away on November 2, 1950. Shaw is considered one of the most influential playwrights of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

    Shaw's plays, which include "Pygmalion," "Man and Superman," and "Saint Joan," are known for their wit, social commentary, and exploration of complex themes. He often used satire and irony to challenge societal norms and expose the hypocrisies of the time.

    Aside from his career as a playwright, Shaw was also a prominent critic and essayist. His works covered a wide range of topics, including politics, economics, and philosophy. Shaw was a strong advocate for social reform and equality, and his ideas often reflected his progressive and socialist views.

    In 1925, Shaw was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his contributions to the field of drama. He remains a celebrated figure in the literary world, known for his sharp wit, intellectual depth, and enduring impact on modern theater.

• "Arms and the Man" (1894)
• "Candida" (1895)
• "The Devil's Disciple" (1897)
• "Man and Superman" (1903)
• "Major Barbara" (1905)
• "Pygmalion" (1912)
• "Heartbreak House" (1919)
• "Back to Methuselah" (1921)
• "Saint Joan" (1923)
• "The Apple Cart" (1928)

Essays and Non-fiction:

• "The Perfect Wagnerite" (1898)
• "The Quintessence of Ibsenism" (1891)
• "Maxims for Revolutionists" (1903)
• "Androcles and the Lion" (1912)
• "The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism" (1928)

Novels:

• "Cashel Byron's Profession" (1886)
• "An Unsocial Socialist" (1887)
• "The Irrational Knot" (1887)
• "Love Among the Artists" (1887)

Short Stories:

• "The Black Girl in Search of God" (1932)
• "The Miraculous Revenge" (1933)

    These are just a selection of Shaw's works, and he produced a vast body of work throughout his career. His plays, essays, and novels continue to be studied, performed, and enjoyed for their wit, social criticism, and enduring relevance.

Arms and the Man

    "Arms and the Man" is a play written by George Bernard Shaw. It was first performed in 1894. The play is a satirical comedy that offers a humorous critique of romantic ideals, war, and social class.

    "Arms and the Man" takes place during the Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885 and centers around the romantic entanglements of Raina Petkoff, a young Bulgarian woman engaged to a noble officer named Sergius Saranoff. When a Swiss mercenary soldier named Captain Bluntschli enters Raina's bedroom seeking refuge, the play explores the contrast between the romanticized notions of war and heroism and the reality of human nature and practicality.

    Shaw uses "Arms and the Man" to challenge the romanticized ideals of war, chivalry, and love. He presents characters who defy societal expectations and reveal the flaws and hypocrisies of the upper class. The play also explores themes of gender roles, societal conventions, and the pursuit of true love versus superficial appearances.

"Arms and the Man" is known for its witty dialogue, clever wordplay, and sharp social commentary. It remains one of Shaw's most popular and frequently performed plays, offering an entertaining and thought-provoking examination of the human condition and societal expectations.

The Apple Cart

    The Apple Cart is a play written by George Bernard Shaw. It was first published and performed in 1929. The play is a political satire that presents a fictional scenario in which the King of Great Britain, King Magnus, clashes with the Prime Minister over matters of governance and royal authority.

    In "The Apple Cart," Shaw explores themes of power, politics, and the role of monarchy in a modern democratic society. The play challenges conventional ideas about the monarchy and questions the balance of power between the King and the elected government. It also touches upon issues such as censorship, the influence of the media, and the role of the individual in shaping society.

    "The Apple Cart" is known for its sharp wit, clever dialogue, and Shaw's trademark blend of social commentary and satire. It offers a thought-provoking and entertaining exploration of the tensions between monarchy and democracy, making it a significant work in Shaw's dramatic repertoire.

Pygmalion

    "Pygmalion" is a play written by George Bernard Shaw. It was first performed in 1913 and has since become one of Shaw's most well-known and frequently performed works. The play tells the story of a phonetics professor named Henry Higgins and a Cockney flower girl named Eliza Doolittle.

    In "Pygmalion," Higgins makes a bet with his friend, Colonel Pickering, that he can transform Eliza's accent and speech so convincingly that she can pass as a refined lady in high society. Through rigorous training and coaching, Eliza undergoes a remarkable transformation, challenging societal expectations and notions of class.

    The play explores themes of social mobility, identity, language, and the power dynamics between different classes. It raises questions about the influence of speech and appearance on one's social standing and the complexities of language as a means of communication and social distinction.

    "Pygmalion" has gained further popularity through its adaptation into the musical "My Fair Lady" in 1956, which has been widely successful both on stage and in film. Shaw's play and its adaptations continue to captivate audiences with its sharp wit, social commentary, and examination of the intricacies of human relationships and societal norms.

Major Barbara

    "Major Barbara" is a play written by George Bernard Shaw. It was first performed in 1905. The play explores themes of wealth, poverty, social responsibility, and the clash between idealism and pragmatism.

    The story revolves around Barbara Undershaft, a major in the Salvation Army, and her relationship with her estranged father, Andrew Undershaft, who is a wealthy and successful weapons manufacturer. Barbara's dedication to helping the poor through her work in the Salvation Army is challenged when her father offers financial support to the organization. The play delves into the moral and ethical dilemmas faced by Barbara as she grapples with the conflicting ideals of philanthropy and the source of her family's wealth.

    "Major Barbara" is known for its intelligent and thought-provoking dialogue, as well as its examination of social class, capitalism, and the complexities of morality. Shaw uses the play to critique societal institutions and challenge conventional notions of charity and power. It remains one of Shaw's most influential works and continues to be performed and studied for its social commentary and exploration of conflicting ideologies.

Candida

    "Candida" is a play written by George Bernard Shaw. It was first performed in 1895. The play revolves around Candida, the wife of a clergyman named Reverend James Morell, and the romantic entanglements that ensue between her husband, a young poet named Eugene Marchbanks, and herself.

    "Candida" explores themes of love, marriage, gender roles, and societal expectations. The play challenges conventional notions of romance and presents a nuanced examination of relationships and power dynamics. Shaw delves into the complexities of marriage and the emotional and intellectual connections between individuals.

    The character of Candida is portrayed as a strong, independent woman who is sought after by both Morell and Marchbanks. The play raises questions about the nature of love, the roles of men and women in relationships, and the importance of authenticity and genuine emotional connection.

    "Candida" showcases Shaw's characteristic wit, sharp dialogue, and social commentary. It continues to be performed and studied for its exploration of human relationships and its commentary on societal norms and expectations.

Man and Superman

    "Man and Superman" is a play written by George Bernard Shaw. It was first performed in 1905. The play combines comedy, romance, and philosophical ideas to explore themes of love, evolution, and the battle of the sexes.

    The plot of "Man and Superman" revolves around the character of John Tanner, a confirmed bachelor and an intellectual. The play takes a comedic turn when Tanner is pursued by Ann Whitefield, a determined young woman who is determined to marry him. As the story unfolds, Shaw incorporates dream sequences and philosophical debates, including the famous "Don Juan in Hell" scene, which delves into the nature of human desires and the pursuit of power.

    Shaw uses the play to challenge societal norms and traditional views of marriage and courtship. He explores concepts of individualism, the nature of relationships, and the eternal conflict between men and women. "Man and Superman" is known for its witty dialogue, complex characters, and the incorporation of Shaw's philosophical musings.

    The play's title is derived from Friedrich Nietzsche's concept of the "Übermensch" (Superman) and its exploration of the potential for human greatness and evolution. "Man and Superman" remains a significant work in Shaw's repertoire, known for its blend of comedy, social commentary, and philosophical insights.

Saint Joan

    "Saint Joan," is a play written by George Bernard Shaw. It was first performed in 1923. The play is based on the life of Joan of Arc, a historical figure and French heroine.

    "Saint Joan" explores the story of Joan of Arc, who claimed to receive divine guidance and led the French army during the Hundred Years' War. The play examines Joan's unwavering faith, her political and military impact, and her subsequent trial and execution for heresy.

     Shaw presents Joan as a complex and heroic figure, challenging traditional portrayals of her as solely a religious martyr. He delves into themes of faith, individualism, and the clash between personal conviction and societal expectations. "Saint Joan" raises questions about the nature of leadership, the role of religion in society, and the treatment of those who dare to challenge established norms.

    The play is known for its insightful dialogue, thought-provoking ideas, and Shaw's characteristic wit. It offers a nuanced portrayal of Joan of Arc and continues to be performed and studied for its exploration of faith, power, and the complexities of human nature.

    These plays showcase Shaw's wit, social commentary, and his ability to intertwine complex ideas within engaging narratives. They remain popular works in the theatrical canon and continue to be performed and studied today..

Here are 20 notable quotes by George Bernard Shaw:

1. "The single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it has taken place."
2. "Life isn't about finding yourself. Life is about creating yourself."
3. "You see things; and you say, 'Why?' But I dream things that never were; and I say, 'Why not?'"
4. "Success does not consist in never making mistakes but in never making the same one a second time."
5. "The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself."
6. "Progress is impossible without change, and those who cannot change their minds cannot change anything."
7. "A life spent making mistakes is not only more honorable but more useful than a life spent doing nothing."
8. "The power of accurate observation is commonly called cynicism by those who have not got it. "
9. "The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for the circumstances they want, and, if they can't find them, make them."
10. "There are two tragedies in life. One is to lose your heart's desire. The other is to gain it."
11. "Better keep yourself clean and bright; you are the window through which you must see the world."
12. "Beware of false knowledge; it is more dangerous than ignorance."
13. "A life spent in making mistakes is not only more honorable but more useful than a life spent doing nothing."
14. "The greatest of evils and the worst of crimes is poverty our first duty, a duty to which every other consideration should be sacrificed, is not to be poor."
15. "We don't stop playing because we grow old; we grow old because we stop playing."
16. "The only man I know who behaves sensibly is my tailor; he takes my measurements anew each time he sees me. The rest go on with their old measurements and expect me to fit them."
17. "Youth is wasted on the young."
18. "The greatest danger in life is not taking risks."
19. "Do not do unto others as you would have them do unto you—they might have different tastes."
20. "Life isn't about waiting for the storm to pass; it's about learning to dance in the rain."

    Here are 50 important points about George Bernard Shaw and his works that are relevant for the NET exam:

1. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) was an Irish playwright, critic, and essayist.
2. Shaw was born in Dublin, Ireland, and later moved to London, England.
3. He was a prominent figure in the late 19th and early 20th century literary and theatrical scene.
4. Shaw was a co-founder of the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).
5. He was an active member of the Fabian Society, a socialist organization.
6. Shaw's works often combined social criticism with wit and humor.
7. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1925.
8. Shaw wrote more than 60 plays, including "Pygmalion," "Man and Superman," and "Saint Joan."
9. "Pygmalion" served as the basis for the musical "My Fair Lady."
10. Shaw was known for his sharp and witty dialogue.
11. He challenged conventional ideas about society, class, and gender roles in his works.
12. Shaw often explored themes of social reform, individualism, and morality in his plays.
13. He was a prolific writer and also authored essays, criticism, and political tracts.
14. Shaw's plays were often controversial and provocative for their time.
15. He used comedy and satire to critique societal norms and institutions.
16. Shaw believed in the power of education and self-improvement.
17. Many of Shaw's plays feature strong and independent female characters.
18. He was an advocate for women's rights and suffrage.
19. Shaw's plays were performed in both Britain and the United States.
20. His works were influenced by the ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche, Henrik Ibsen, and George Meredith.
21. Shaw was a proponent of the "New Drama" movement, which aimed to challenge traditional theatrical conventions.
22. He had a long-standing literary feud with playwright Oscar Wilde.
23. Shaw was known for his unconventional personal style and vegetarian lifestyle.
24. He was a champion of simplified spelling and advocated for its adoption.
25. Shaw's plays often featured complex and multi-dimensional characters.
26. He used humor and irony to convey his social and political messages.
27. Shaw's plays were considered controversial for their frank discussions of sexuality and morality.
28. He was critical of the British class system and the aristocracy.
29. Shaw's plays often included prefaces or postscripts where he provided additional commentary on the themes and ideas of the play.
30. He believed in the power of drama to educate and inspire social change.
31. Shaw's works were translated and performed in multiple languages worldwide.
32. He was known for his long, prolific, and unconventional career.
33. Shaw's play "Major Barbara" explores the tensions between philanthropy and the source of wealth.
34. He wrote the play "Caesar and Cleopatra," which offers an unconventional portrayal of Cleopatra's relationship with Julius Caesar.
35. Shaw's play "Mrs. Warren's Profession" tackles the issue of prostitution and social hypocrisy.
36. He wrote the play "The Devil's Disciple," which is set during the American Revolution and questions the nature of heroism.
37. Shaw's play "Heartbreak House" is a critique of the English upper class and its failure to prevent World War I.
38. He advocated for the reform of the English spelling system in his essay "Spelling and Spelling Reform."
39. Shaw's play "The Doctor's Dilemma" satirizes the medical profession and explores ethical dilemmas.
40. Shaw's play "You Never Can Tell" humorously explores themes of love, marriage, and societal conventions.
41. He wrote the play "The Apple Cart," a political satire that imagines a clash between the King of Great Britain and the Prime Minister.
42. Shaw's play "Arms and the Man" satirizes romanticized notions of war and idealized heroes.
43. He wrote the play "Misalliance," which examines the constraints of marriage and the consequences of societal expectations.
44. Shaw's play "The Philanderer" explores themes of love, marriage, and fidelity through the story of a philandering protagonist.
45. He wrote the play "Fanny's First Play," which challenges theatrical conventions and satirizes society's obsession with entertainment.
46. Shaw's play "Captain Brassbound's Conversion" explores themes of revenge, redemption, and personal transformation.
47. He wrote the play "The Shewing-Up of Blanco Posnet," which tackles issues of morality, religion, and justice.
48. Shaw's play "John Bull's Other Island" satirizes Irish and British stereotypes and explores the tensions between the two cultures.
49. He wrote the play "The Millionairess," which critiques the pursuit of wealth and materialism.
50. Shaw's play "Androcles and the Lion" reimagines the classic fable and explores themes of compassion, forgiveness, and the power of kindness.

Leo Tolstoy

Explore the timeless works of Leo Tolstoy, the renowned Russian writer and philosopher. From the sweeping epic of "War and Peace" to the tragic tale of "Anna Karenina," delve into Tolstoy's profound storytelling, rich characterizations, and philosophical insights. Discover his ability to capture the complexities of human nature and explore profound themes of love, war, and existentialism. Experience the enduring legacy of Tolstoy's literary masterpieces, which continue to captivate readers worldwide. Immerse yourself in the world of Tolstoy's timeless classics and be transported to a realm of profound emotions and thought-provoking reflections.

Leo Tolstoy

   Leo Tolstoy, a renowned Russian writer and philosopher, is widely regarded as one of the greatest novelists in world literature. Born on September 9, 1828, in Yasnaya Polyana, Russia, Tolstoy's literary works have left an indelible mark on the literary landscape, influencing generations of writers and readers alike.

Tolstoy's most famous work, "War and Peace," stands as a monumental achievement in the realm of historical fiction. Published between 1865 and 1869, this epic novel delves into the lives of several characters against the backdrop of Napoleon's invasion of Russia. With its sweeping narrative, intricate character portrayals, and philosophical musings on war, love, and destiny, "War and Peace" has become a timeless masterpiece.

Another notable work by Tolstoy is "Anna Karenina." Published in 1877, this tragic novel explores the complexities of love, marriage, and societal norms. Through the character of Anna Karenina, Tolstoy delves into the moral struggles of a woman caught between her desires and the conventions of Russian high society.

Tolstoy's philosophical and spiritual reflections are embodied in his later works, such as "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" and "Resurrection." These novellas delve into existential themes, exploring the meaning of life, the inevitability of death, and the pursuit of spiritual awakening.

Tolstoy's writing style is characterized by its realism, vivid descriptions, and psychological depth. He possessed a remarkable ability to capture the complexities of human emotions, portraying characters with both their virtues and flaws. His works are not only a reflection of Russian society during his time but also offer profound insights into the human condition, morality, and the pursuit of truth.

Beyond his literary contributions, Tolstoy was also an influential philosopher and social reformer. He advocated for nonviolent resistance, simplicity, and a return to rural agrarian life. His philosophical treatises, including "The Kingdom of God Is Within You" and "What Is Art?", have had a significant impact on the realms of ethics, spirituality, and aesthetics.

In conclusion, Leo Tolstoy's works continue to captivate readers worldwide, offering profound literary experiences and timeless reflections on the human experience. Through his masterful storytelling, rich characterizations, and philosophical insights, Tolstoy has left an enduring legacy, cementing his place as one of the greatest literary figures in history. Here are some of his notable works:

•     "War and Peace" (1869): This epic historical novel is considered Tolstoy's masterpiece. It portrays the lives of several aristocratic families against the backdrop of Napoleon's invasion of Russia. "War and Peace" is renowned for its rich character development, detailed historical analysis, and philosophical insights.

•     "Anna Karenina" (1877): Another influential novel by Tolstoy, "Anna Karenina" explores themes of love, passion, and societal expectations. It tells the story of Anna Karenina, a married woman who embarks on an affair, ultimately facing tragic consequences. The novel delves into the complexities of human relationships and the moral dilemmas faced by its characters.

•     "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" (1886): This novella examines the concept of mortality and the search for meaning in life. It follows the life and gradual decline of Ivan Ilyich, a high-ranking judge. Through Ivan Ilyich's introspection and self-realization, Tolstoy raises profound questions about the nature of existence and the pursuit of genuine happiness.

• "Resurrection" (1899): In this novel, Tolstoy explores themes of redemption and social justice. The story revolves around the transformation of a privileged aristocrat named Prince Dmitri Ivanovich Nekhlyudov, who seeks to make amends for his past actions and find personal redemption through his encounters with a young woman who has been unjustly convicted.

•     "The Kreutzer Sonata" (1889): This controversial novella examines themes of love, marriage, and jealousy. The narrative is presented as a confession by a man who reflects on his failed marriage and the destructive power of possessive love. It delves into the complexities of human relationships and challenges societal norms.

    In addition to these major works, Tolstoy wrote numerous short stories, essays, and philosophical treatises, including "What Is Art?" and "A Confession." His writings continue to have a profound impact on literature and philosophy, influencing generations of readers and thinkers.

Anna Karenina

    "Anna Karenina" by Leo Tolstoy is a tragic tale set in 19th-century Russia. The story revolves around Anna Karenina, a married woman who enters into a passionate affair with Count Vronsky, defying societal norms and risking her reputation. As their love affair unfolds, Anna faces the disapproval and judgment of society, leading to her gradual descent into despair and tragedy. Alongside Anna's story, Tolstoy explores various other relationships, showcasing the complexities of love and the impact of societal expectations on individuals. Through richly developed characters and insightful social commentary, Tolstoy delves into themes of love, morality, and the human struggle for fulfillment, creating a timeless literary masterpiece.

• Leo Tolstoy was a renowned Russian writer and philosopher born on September 9, 1828.
• His works often explore themes of morality, spirituality, and the human condition.
• Tolstoy's masterpiece is the epic historical novel "War and Peace" (1869), which portrays Russian society during Napoleon's invasion of Russia.
• "Anna Karenina" (1877) is another notable work, examining love, passion, and societal expectations through the tragic story of Anna Karenina.
• "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" (1886) raises profound questions about mortality and the pursuit of meaning in life.
• "Resurrection" (1899) delves into themes of redemption and social justice, following the transformation of a privileged aristocrat seeking personal redemption.
• "The Kreutzer Sonata" (1889) explores love, marriage, and jealousy through a confession by a man reflecting on his failed marriage.
• Tolstoy's writings also include numerous short stories, essays, and philosophical treatises.
• His works continue to have a significant impact on literature and philosophy, influencing generations of readers and thinkers.

In conclusion, Leo Tolstoy's literary legacy remains unparalleled. His masterpieces like "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina" have stood the test of time, captivating readers with their depth, realism, and exploration of human nature. Tolstoy's ability to weave intricate narratives, delve into complex characters, and tackle profound philosophical themes has solidified his status as one of the greatest writers in history. Beyond his literary prowess, Tolstoy's philosophical and social contributions have left a lasting impact, inspiring generations with his beliefs in nonviolence, simplicity, and the pursuit of truth. Tolstoy's works continue to resonate with readers, offering profound insights into the human condition.