Introduction:
French literature holds a significant place in the literary world, renowned for its rich history, diverse themes, and influential writers. From medieval epics to the works of existentialist philosophers, French literature encompasses a vast array of genres and styles. It has produced iconic figures like Victor Hugo, Jean-Paul Sartre, Gustave Flaubert, and Simone de Beauvoir, whose works have shaped not only French culture but also influenced the global literary landscape. French literature's themes often explore love, revolution, existentialism, social critique, and the complexities of human nature. With its emphasis on intellectual rigor, poetic beauty, and philosophical depth, French literature continues to captivate readers worldwide.
1. Montaigne
1533 - 1592
Montaigne is a French Renaissance or we called 6th-century pivotal philosopher and Essayist, who plays a significant role in popularizing Essay as a literary genre. He is famous for his essays so he is also famous as the father of essays and The Father of Modern Skepticism.
Essais -1580
2. Moliere
Jean-Baptiste Poquelin is famous as his stage name. Molière, born Jean-Baptiste Poquelin on January 15, 1622, in Paris, France, was a renowned French playwright and actor. He is considered one of the greatest masters of comedy in Western literature. Molière's works are known for their wit, social satire, and comedic timing.
His most famous plays include "Tartuffe," "The Misanthrope," and "The Imaginary Invalid." Through his comedies, Molière skillfully mocked and critiqued the hypocrisy, pretensions, and vices of the upper-class society of his time.
Molière's writing style combined sharp dialogue, clever wordplay, and exaggerated characters to entertain and provoke thought. His plays often exposed the follies of human behavior and presented moral lessons with humor and irony.
Molière's contributions to theater and his impact on the development of comedic drama are immeasurable. His works continue to be performed and studied worldwide, showcasing his enduring influence on the art of comedy and the exploration of human nature through theatrical storytelling.
The Misanthrope 1666
The Miser 1668
Tartuffe 1669
The Imaginary Invalid 1673
3. Albert Camus
1913-1960
Albert Camus won the Nobel prize in Literature in 1957. he is a french novelist, playwright, and essayist, who is famous for his work as The Stranger, The Plague, The Myth of Sisyphus and The Fall. He Is Famous for his philosophy of Existentialism and Absurdism.
The Stranger - 1942
The Stranger or The Outsider is Published in 1942 as Novella. Its French Title is 'The Stranger' and its English Translation title is ''The Outsider. Albert Camus's The Stranger is a realistic Novel. And Its major themes are French Colonialism, Alienation, and Absurdity. Also, the major character of this novel is Meursault.
The Myth of Sisyphus - 1942
This is a Philosophical essay divided into four chapters and one appendix by Camus. This essay was published first in the French Language in 1942 with the original title 'Le mythe de Sisyphe'. English translation was published in 1955. Also, this essay is dedicated to Pascal Pia.
Plague - 1947
This novel was also published first in the French Language as titled 'La Peste' in 1947. Its English Translation was published in 1948 and also it has five Chapters, a story based on the French Algerian city of Oran. Dr. Bernard Rieux, Raymond Rambert, Cottard, Jean Tarrou, Father Paneloux and Joseoh Grand are main Characters.
The Rebel - 1951
This French essay was originally titled 'L'Homme revolte' and published in 1951.
The Fall - 1956
This French philosophical novel's original title is 'La Chute' published in 1956. And this dramatic monologues series is set in Amsterdam. The English translation was published in 1957.
Exile and the Kingdom - 1957
Its original French title 'L'exil et le royaume'. This is a collection of short stories and it has six stories published in 1957. The stories included as 'The Adulterous Woman', 'The Renegade or a Confused Spirit', 'The Silent Men', 'The Guest', 'Jonas or the Artist at Work', and 'The Growing Stone'.
4. Jean Paul Sartre
1905 - 1980
The Full name is Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1964 but he is declined. Jean-Paul Sartre, the influential philosopher and writer, championed existentialism and the concept of individual freedom. With his famous phrase "existence precedes essence," he emphasized our responsibility to create meaning in an absurd world. Through his plays, novels, and philosophical works, such as "No Exit" and "Nausea," Sartre delved into the complexities of human existence and challenged societal norms. His intellectual rigor and exploration of the human psyche continue to inspire critical thinking and existential inquiry.
The Transcendence of the Ego - 1936
Nausea - 1938
This is Sartre's first novel published in 1938, and its French title is 'La Nausee'. It's set in a town called Bouville. This is a philosophical novel.
Being and Nothingness - 1943
The full title is Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology. It was published in 1943 and its English translation was published in 1956.
No Exit - 1944
This French Play originally titled 'Huis clos' was published in 1944. The main characters are Joseph Garcin, Inez Serrano, Estelle Rigault and Valet. Under the titles In Camera, No way out, Behind Closed Doors, Vicious Circle and Dead End this play was performed.
Existentialism Is a Humanism - 1946
What Is Literature?
5. Voltaire
Voltaire, born François-Marie Arouet, was an influential Enlightenment philosopher and writer from France. Known for his wit and sharp intellect, Voltaire's works covered a wide range of topics including philosophy, politics, and religion. He challenged religious dogma and advocated for reason, tolerance, and freedom of thought. His satirical novel "Candide" is a famous critique of blind optimism. Voltaire's writings left a lasting impact on the Enlightenment era, promoting rationality and individual freedoms. His ideas continue to inspire critical thinking and intellectual curiosity.
Works:
- Oedipus
- Letter Concerning English Nation
- Candide 1759
6. Eugene Ionesco
1909- 1994
Eugène Ionesco, born on November 26, 1909, in Slatina, Romania, was a renowned playwright and one of the foremost figures of the Theatre of the Absurd movement. His innovative and thought-provoking plays revolutionized the theatrical landscape in the mid-20th century. Ionesco's works often explore themes of existentialism, the breakdown of communication, and the absurdity of human existence. He is best known for plays such as "The Bald Soprano," "Rhinoceros," and "The Chairs." Ionesco's writing style is characterized by its unconventional structure, nonsensical dialogue, and use of repetitive and absurd elements. His plays challenge traditional dramatic conventions and engage audiences with their philosophical and social commentary. Ionesco's contributions to theater earned him international acclaim and established him as a leading figure in the avant-garde movement. His impact on the theatrical world continues to be felt, and his plays are widely performed and studied for their exploration of the human condition in a surreal and absurd context.
Works:
- The Bald Soprano
- Lesson
- Chair
- Amedee
7. Honore De Balzac
1799 - 1850
He was a French Writer, critic, journalist and printer. Honoré de Balzac, born on May 20, 1799, in Tours, France, was a renowned French novelist and playwright. He is widely regarded as one of the most significant and influential writers in 19th-century literature. Balzac's most notable achievement is his expansive series of interconnected novels and stories collectively known as "La Comédie Humaine" (The Human Comedy). This ambitious literary project sought to provide a comprehensive and panoramic depiction of French society during his time, exploring various social classes, professions, and individual lives. Balzac's writing style is characterized by its detailed realism, psychological depth, and vivid descriptions of characters and settings. His works delve into themes such as ambition, social climbing, love, and human nature. Some of his renowned novels include "Eugénie Grandet," "Lost Illusions," and "Père Goriot." Balzac's works have had a lasting impact on literature, and he is often praised for his ability to capture the intricacies and complexities of human existence. His insightful portrayal of society and his memorable characters continue to resonate with readers around the world.
Works:
- Magic Skin
- Human Comedy
- Father Goriot
8. Marcel Proust
1871 - 1922
His full name is Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust. And he was a French novelist, critic, and essayist he was famous for his work In Search of Lost Time, its English translation as Remembrance of Things Past.
Works:
- In Search of Lost Time / Remembrance of Things Past
9. Emile Zola
1840 - 1902
Émile Zola, born on April 2, 1840, in Paris, France, was a prominent French writer and a leading figure in the literary movement known as Naturalism. He is renowned for his monumental novel series called "Les Rougon-Macquart," which consists of 20 novels that explore the social, political, and moral aspects of French society during the 19th century. Zola's writing style is characterized by its detailed observation, meticulous research, and an unflinching portrayal of reality. His works often delve into the dark side of humanity, exposing corruption, social inequalities, and the impact of hereditary factors on individuals' lives. Some of his notable novels include "Germinal," "Nana," and "Thérèse Raquin." Zola's writings had a profound influence on the development of naturalistic literature and social criticism. He played a significant role in shaping the literary landscape of his time and remains an important figure in French literature, known for his commitment to portraying the truth of human experience through his writing.
Works:
- Les Rougon-Macquart
- Thérèse Raquin
- Germinal
- Nana
10. Gustave Flaubert
1821 - 1880
Gustave Flaubert was a French Novelist famous for his debut novel
Madame Bovary. Gustave Flaubert, born on December 12, 1821, in Rouen, France, was a highly regarded French novelist and one of the leading figures of literary realism. He is best known for his masterpiece novel, "Madame Bovary," published in 1856, which is considered a pivotal work in the development of the modern novel. Flaubert's writing style is characterized by its meticulous attention to detail, precise language, and psychological depth. His works often explore the complexities of human nature, social conventions, and the limitations of individual desires. In addition to "Madame Bovary," Flaubert's other notable works include "Sentimental Education" and "Salammbô." He was known for his dedication to craftsmanship and spent years perfecting his writing, seeking the most precise and evocative expressions. Flaubert's contribution to literature and his impact on subsequent generations of writers cannot be overstated, as he is regarded as a literary master and an important influence on the development of modern fiction.
Works:
- Madame Bovary - 1857
- Salammbo - 1862
- Sentimental Education - 1869
- The Temptation of Saint Anthony - 1874
- Three Tales - 1877
- Bouvard et Pécuchet - 1881
11. Jean Genet
1910 - 1986
He was a French Novelist, dramatist, poet, philosopher and political activist. Jean Genet, born on December 19, 1910, in Paris, France, was a prominent French playwright, novelist, and poet. He is known for his provocative and controversial works that explore themes of sexuality, criminality, and social marginalization. Genet's writing often reflects his own experiences as a petty criminal and a member of the Parisian underworld. His works challenge societal norms and confront issues of power, identity, and desire. Some of his notable works include "The Balcony," "The Maids," and "Querelle of Brest." Genet's writing style is characterized by its poetic language, vivid imagery, and intense psychological exploration. He was celebrated for his ability to confront taboos and push the boundaries of artistic expression. Despite the controversial nature of his works, Genet's influence on literature and theater remains significant, as he continues to be regarded as a key figure in French and European avant-garde literature.
Works:
- Our Lady of the Flowers - 1943
- The Thief's Journal - 1949
- The Maids - 1947
- The Balcony - 1956
- The Blacks
- The Screens
- Miracle of the Rose - 1946 - 1951
- Funeral Rites
12. Charles Bsaudeliare
1821 - 1867
Charles Pierre Baudelaire was a French poet, philosopher essayist and art critic. He coined the term modernity. His work
The Flowers of Evil is a lyric poetry titled as
Les Fleurs du mal. Charles Baudelaire, born on April 9, 1821, in Paris, France, was a highly influential French poet, essayist, and art critic. He is best known for his groundbreaking collection of poems titled "Les Fleurs du mal" (The Flowers of Evil), published in 1857. Baudelaire's work is associated with the literary movement known as Symbolism, and he is considered one of the key figures of modern literature. His poetry explores themes of beauty, decadence, urban life, and the human experience. Baudelaire's writing is characterized by his innovative use of language, rich imagery, and his ability to delve into the depths of the human psyche. His works challenged conventional norms and pushed the boundaries of poetic expression. Baudelaire's impact on literature and his contributions to the development of modern poetry cannot be overstated, making him an enduring figure in French and world literature.
Works:
13. Alexander Dumas
1802 - 1870
He was a French Novelist and playwright. He wrote a trilogy called The d'Artagnan Romances, which includes works such as The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After and Ten Years Later. Alexander Dumas, often referred to as Alexandre Dumas, was a prolific and influential French writer born on July 24, 1802, in Villers-Cotterêts, France. He is best known for his historical novels, which have become classics of literature and have had a lasting impact on popular culture. Dumas' most famous works include "The Three Musketeers" and "The Count of Monte Cristo," both of which have been widely adapted into films, stage plays, and television series. His writing style is characterized by fast-paced narratives, intricate plots, and vibrant characters that have captured the imagination of readers for generations. Dumas' works often explore themes of adventure, honor, justice, and the struggle between good and evil. Beyond his popular novels, he also wrote plays, travelogues, and essays, showcasing his versatility as a writer. Alexander Dumas remains an iconic figure in literature, celebrated for his storytelling prowess and his contributions to the world of fiction.
Works:
- The Three Musketeers - 1844
- Twenty Years After - 1845
- Ten Years Later
- The Three Musketeers - 1844
- The Count of Monte Cristo - 1844 - 1845
- The Wolf Leader - 1857
14. Guy De Maupassant
1850- 1893
His Full name is Henri René Albert Guy de Maupassant, a french writer of the 19th century and famous as the master of short story form. He has two pen names Guy de Valmont and Joseph Prunier. Guy de Maupassant, born on August 5, 1850, in Normandy, France, was a renowned French writer and master of the short story genre. He is considered one of the most important figures in French literature and is celebrated for his keen observations of human behavior and his ability to capture the complexities of the human condition. Maupassant's works often explore themes of desire, ambition, greed, and the consequences of societal norms and expectations. His writing style is characterized by its clarity, precision, and economy of language, as he crafts vivid narratives that reveal the hidden depths of his characters. Maupassant's short stories, such as "The Necklace" and "Bel Ami," continue to be studied and admired for their psychological depth, social critique, and literary craftsmanship. Despite his untimely death in 1893, Guy de Maupassant's contributions to literature have left an enduring legacy that continues to inspire and captivate readers around the world.
Works:
15. Milan Kundera
1929 - Present
Milan Kundera's famous work is The Unbearable Lightness of Being. Milan Kundera, the renowned Czech-born writer, novelist, and essayist, has captivated readers with his profound exploration of human nature and the complexities of existence. Born on April 1, 1929, in Brno, Czechoslovakia, Kundera's literary works delve into themes such as politics, love, memory, and the intricacies of personal relationships. His writing style combines elements of philosophy, existentialism, and political critique, creating a unique and thought-provoking reading experience. Kundera's works have garnered international acclaim, making him one of the most influential and celebrated contemporary writers.
Works:
- The Joke - 1967
- The Book of Laughter and Forgetting - 1979
- The Unbearable Lightness of Being - 1984
Conclusion:
French literature stands as a testament to the enduring power of language and storytelling. It has gifted the world with timeless classics, thought-provoking philosophical treatises, and groundbreaking works of fiction.
From the medieval tales of chivalry to the provocative writings of the existentialists, French literature has continuously evolved, reflecting the shifting cultural and social landscape of France. It has inspired countless writers and thinkers, both within its borders and beyond. French literature's ability to capture the nuances of human experience, its exploration of profound ideas, and its eloquent expression have made it a cornerstone of world literature. As we delve into the pages of French literary masterpieces, we uncover not only the essence of French culture but also a universal understanding of the human condition.
MCQ
1. Who is the author of "Les Misérables"?
A) Alexandre Dumas
B) Victor Hugo
C) Gustave Flaubert
D) Albert Camus
Answer: B) Victor Hugo
2.Which French novelist wrote "Swann's Way," the first volume of "In Search of Lost Time"?
A) Albert Camus
B) Marcel Proust
C) Gustave Flaubert
D) Emile Zola
Answer: B) Marcel Proust
3. In "The Little Prince," what planet does the Little Prince come from?
A) Earth
B) Mars
C) Asteroid B-612
D) Venus
Answer: C) Asteroid B-612
4. Who is the author of the novella "The Stranger" ("L'Étranger")?
A) Jean-Paul Sartre
B) Albert Camus
C) Voltaire
D) Gustave Flaubert
Answer: B) Albert Camus
5. Which French writer is known for his work "The Count of Monte Cristo"?
A) Albert Camus
B) Victor Hugo
C) Emile Zola
D) Alexandre Dumas
Answer: D) Alexandre Dumas
6. Who wrote "Madame Bovary," a novel that is considered a masterpiece of realist fiction?
A) Marcel Proust
B) Voltaire
C) Albert Camus
D) Gustave Flaubert
Answer: D) Gustave Flaubert
7. Which French author is famous for his collection of fables, including "The Hare and the Tortoise"?
A) Molière
B) Jean Racine
C) Jean de La Fontaine
D) Voltaire
Answer: C) Jean de La Fontaine
8. Who is the author of "The Plague" ("La Peste"), a novel that explores the human condition in the face of an epidemic?
A) Jean-Paul Sartre
B) Albert Camus
C) Victor Hugo
D) Marcel Proust
Answer: B) Albert Camus
9. Which French author is known for his philosophical works such as "The Myth of Sisyphus" and "The Fall"?
A) Marcel Proust
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Albert Camus
D) Emile Zola
Answer: C) Albert Camus
10. Who wrote "Germinal," a novel that depicts the harsh lives of coal miners in 19th-century France?
A) Victor Hugo
B) Gustave Flaubert
C) Alexandre Dumas
D) Emile Zola
Answer: D) Emile Zola
11. What is the title of the novel by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry that tells the story of a young aviator who meets a little prince?
A) The Aviator's Tale
B) Flight to the Stars
C) Night Flight
D) The Little Prince
Answer: D) The Little Prince
12. Who is the author of "The Three Musketeers"?
A) Victor Hugo
B) Gustave Flaubert
C) Alexandre Dumas
D) Emile Zola
Answer: C) Alexandre Dumas
13. Which French playwright is known for his satirical comedies like "Tartuffe" and "The Misanthrope"?
A) Jean-Paul Sartre
B) Albert Camus
C) Molière
D) Voltaire
Answer: C) Molière
14. In "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame," who is the hunchbacked bell ringer of Notre-Dame Cathedral?
A) Jean Valjean
B) Javert
C) Quasimodo
D) Esmeralda
Answer: C) Quasimodo
15. Who wrote the philosophical novel "Nausea" ("La Nausée")?
A) Marcel Proust
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Albert Camus
D) Voltaire
Answer: B) Jean-Paul Sartre
16. Which French author is known for the series of detective novels featuring Inspector Maigret?
A) Marcel Proust
B) Georges Simenon
C) Gustave Flaubert
D) Emile Zola
Answer: B) Georges Simenon
17. What is the title of the play by Jean-Paul Sartre that explores existentialist themes and famously declares, "Hell is other people"?
A) "No Exit"
B) "The Stranger"
C) "The Fall"
D) "Nausea"
Answer: A) "No Exit"
18. Who is the author of "Candide," a satirical novella that criticizes optimism and philosophical Panglossianism?
A) Molière
B) Jean Racine
C) Jean de La Fontaine
D) Voltaire
Answer: D) Voltaire
19. Which French author is known for the novel "The Perfume" ("Le Parfum") about a murderer with an extraordinary sense of smell?
A) Marcel Proust
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Patrick Süskind
D) Gustave Flaubert
Answer: C) Patrick Süskind
20. Who wrote the classic novel "Gargantua and Pantagruel"?
A) Victor Hugo
B) Gustave Flaubert
C) Alexandre Dumas
D) François Rabelais
Answer: D) François Rabelais
21. What is the title of the novel by Gustave Flaubert about the tragic life of Emma Bovary?
A) "The Scarlet Letter"
B) "Anna Karenina"
C) "Madame Bovary"
D) "Wuthering Heights"
Answer: C) "Madame Bovary"
22. Which French author is known for his surreal and absurdist plays, including "The Bald Soprano" and "The Chairs"?
A) Marcel Proust
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Eugène Ionesco
D) Albert Camus
Answer: C) Eugène Ionesco
23. Who is the author of the historical novel "The Man in the Iron Mask"?
A) Victor Hugo
B) Gustave Flaubert
C) Alexandre Dumas
D) Emile Zola
Answer: C) Alexandre Dumas
24. In "The Phantom of the Opera," what is the name of the masked man who lives beneath the Paris Opera House?
A) Jean Valjean
B) Erik
C) Raoul
D) Christine
Answer: B) Erik
25. Which French author is known for his poem "The Raven"?
A) Marcel Proust
B) Arthur Rimbaud
C) Charles Baudelaire
D) Gustave Flaubert
Answer: C) Charles Baudelaire
26. Who wrote "The Wretched" ("Les Misérables"), a novel that delves into the lives of ex-convict Jean Valjean and Inspector Javert?
A) Victor Hugo
B) Gustave Flaubert
C) Alexandre Dumas
D) Emile Zola
Answer: A) Victor Hugo
27. Which French author is known for his influential work "The Second Sex," a foundational text in feminist philosophy?
A) Simone de Beauvoir
B) Colette
C) Marguerite Duras
D) George Sand
Answer: A) Simone de Beauvoir
28. Who wrote "The Red and the Black" ("Le Rouge et le Noir"), a novel about the rise and fall of a young provincial man in post-Napoleonic France?
A) Victor Hugo
B) Gustave Flaubert
C) Alexandre Dumas
D) Stendhal
Answer: D) Stendhal
29. In "The Plague," what is the name of the city suffering from the outbreak of the bubonic plague?
A) Paris
B) Algiers
C) Oran
D) Marseille
Answer: C) Oran
30. Who is the author of the novel "The Lover" ("L'Amant") that explores a young girl's affair with a wealthy Chinese lover?
A) Marguerite Duras
B) Colette
C) Simone de Beauvoir
D) George Sand
Answer: A) Marguerite Duras
31. What is the title of the tragic play by Jean Racine that tells the story of the doomed love between Phèdre and her stepson Hippolyte?
A) "Andromache"
B) "Phaedra"
C) "Penthesilea"
D) "Electra"
Answer: B) "Phaedra"
32. Who is the author of "The Immoralist" ("L'Immoraliste"), a novel that explores themes of individualism and sexual awakening?
A) Marcel Proust
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Albert Camus
D) André Gide
Answer: D) André Gide
33. Which French author is known for the novel "Dangerous Liaisons" ("Les Liaisons Dangereuses")?
A) Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C) Gustave Flaubert
D) Voltaire
Answer: A) Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
34. In "The Fall," what is the name of the main character and narrator who reflects on his life and morality?
A) Meursault
B) Raskolnikov
C) Joseph K.
D) Jean-Baptiste Clamence
Answer: D) Jean-Baptiste Clamence
35. Who is the author of the philosophical novel "The Outsider" ("L'Étranger")?
A) Marcel Proust
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Albert Camus
D) Gustave Flaubert
Answer: C) Albert Camus
36. Which French author is known for his essay "Of Cannibals" ("Des Cannibales") that explores cultural relativism?
A) Montaigne
B) Descartes
C) Voltaire
D) Pascal
Answer: A) Montaigne
37. Who wrote "The Age of Reason" ("L'Âge de Raison"), a novel that explores the life of an atheist during World War II?
A) Marcel Proust
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Albert Camus
D) Jean-Paul Sartre
Answer: C) Albert Camus
38. What is the title of the novel by Marcel Proust that is the first volume of his seven-part series "In Search of Lost Time"?
A) "Remembrance of Things Past"
B) "Swann's Way"
C) "A La Recherche du Temps Perdu"
D) "In Search of Lost Time"
Answer: B) "Swann's Way"
39. Which French author is known for his novel "The Inferno" ("L'Enfer"), a part of "The Divine Comedy"?
A) Victor Hugo
B) Gustave Flaubert
C) Alexandre Dumas
D) Dante Alighieri
Answer: D) Dante Alighieri
40. In "The Little Prince," what does the Little Prince ask people to do with his drawing of a sheep?
A) Erase it
B) Keep it safe
C) Hang it on the wall
D) Study it
Answer: B) Keep it safe
41. Who is the author of the novel "The Lover" ("L'Amant") that explores a young girl's affair with a wealthy Chinese lover?
A) Marguerite Duras
B) Colette
C) Simone de Beauvoir
D) George Sand
Answer: A) Marguerite Duras
42. What is the title of the play by Jean-Paul Sartre that explores existentialist themes and famously declares, "Hell is other people"?
A) "No Exit"
B) "The Stranger"
C) "The Fall"
D) "Nausea"
Answer: A) "No Exit"
43. Who wrote "The Immoralist" ("L'Immoraliste"), a novel that explores themes of individualism and sexual awakening?
A) Marcel Proust
B) Jean-Paul Sartre
C) Albert Camus
D) André Gide
Answer: D) André Gide
44. Which French author is known for his influential work "The Second Sex," a foundational text in feminist philosophy?
A) Simone de Beauvoir
B) Colette
C) Marguerite Duras
D) George Sand
Answer: A) Simone de Beauvoir
45. In "The Plague," what is the name of the city suffering from the outbreak of the bubonic plague?
A) Paris
B) Algiers
C) Oran
D) Marseille
Answer: C) Oran
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